tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46745332886091715732024-03-06T11:05:55.151+08:00Mandarin Segmentslearning Mandarin, bit by juicy bitGreghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.comBlogger150125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-488370166237928002015-06-21T17:26:00.001+08:002015-06-21T17:27:32.622+08:00When a character says: To be or To do<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/25182350@N03/2981062354/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi37X17S_4SnL8B5f1x44sLtAw_1zsXFbbyK_7_wYQQESJgSg8wFbzCNBRycgjsFMOuDMBazda1Bv0hKgOwMR4UB3HuuKr2m425yCblAdhUaDeKvOcYn7kFMjpGhjWjVZtBDMrAZJlbBRs/s200/Nail.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
If you're anything beyond a beginner in studying Mandarin, you would have come across situations when the same word can be used both as a noun and a verb.<br />
<br />
There are untold examples of this, the one that comes to mind right now being 选择 (xuǎnzé) which can either mean 'to choose' or 'a choice'. This diversity makes Chinese both easier and more difficult.<br />
<br />
In this short post, I wanted to point out another interesting aspect of Chinese - that is when the <b>same character</b> can either be a <b>noun or a verb</b>, but there is a <b>tone change</b> that goes along with the change in meaning.<br />
<br />
This might be something you already are very clear on, but for those who find this new (or a timely reminder) or for those who kinda half noticed half didn't notice, then enjoy!<br />
<ul>
<li>数 (to count = shǔ) (a number = shù)</li>
</ul>
This is the first character where I realised that the matching name & verb had to involve a tone change to reflect the swap between meanings.<br />
<ul>
<li>扫 (to sweep = sǎo) (a broom = sào)</li>
</ul>
<div>
This is another example where the verb is third tone, and the noun is fourth tone. Of course Chinese doesn't alway operate in single-hanzi words - so you're probably more likely to see a double word like 扫帚 (sàozhou) to mean broom, but the fourth tone still remains.</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>钉 (to nail = dìng) (a nail = dīng) </li>
</ul>
<div>
OK, so it's not always that the third tone is the verb, but again note it's the same character, but with different tones giving different meanings. And even messier, the verb meaning can also be a first tone when paired with another character - for example 钉牢(dīngláo) means 'to nail' yet uses the first tone.</div>
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Nothing earth-shattering, but it is probably useful enough for beginners that it's worth pointing out.</div>
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Can you think of other examples without using a dictionary? Please leave comments below to let others know ...</div>
Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-10788137573803486922014-12-31T12:00:00.002+08:002014-12-31T12:00:42.806+08:00Dr Seuss sounds pleasing, Even when you're Chinesing<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://brightdrops.com/dr-seuss-quotes" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkw486boD30yrOvFOQ5-BtQac4hv1mzgNXn_0NPqvmS-kS98oMtNrAAy0a7H4id4Tlu-e-fM0KHZryz6c7XOCWHttroMXNJ5ELkIwh4gfYJw73TyLsOkfEUHpdXGHm3LYU29C8lsU49j0/s1600/drseussohthethinksyoucanthink.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
I grew up on Seuss<br />
I read him a lot<br />
And though I'm a grown-up<br />
I still think he's hot!<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #444444;">If I Ran the Zoo</span></i><br />
And then: <i><span style="color: #444444;">Hop on Pop</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #444444;">Horton Hears a Who</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #444444;">Ten Apples up on Top</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span style="color: #444444;">One Fish Two Fish</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #444444;">The Cat in the Hat</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #444444;">Red Fish Blue Fish</span></i><br />
So many classics like that.<br />
<br />
You can read Wikipedia<br />
With relative ease<br />
About the Doc's background<br />
In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss">English</a> / <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB">Chinese</a><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
But that got me thinking<br />
How I could fit it in<br />
To translate his titles<br />
Into pure Mandarin<br />
<br />
So with some quick searching<br />
I found this and that<br />
And have copied it down here<br />
Now give me a pat<br />
<br />
You can read them quite quickly<br />
Without paying much heed<br />
Or copy-and-paste them<br />
Into flashcards you'll need<br />
<br />
Whatever you choose<br />
Remember you are the one<br />
You just cannot lose<br />
When you make Mandarin fun.<br />
<br />
. . . .<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Some Translations</b><br />
<br />
<u>Dr Seuss</u><br />
苏斯博士 (simplified)<br />
蘇斯博士 (traditional)<br />
sūsī bóshì (pinyin)<br />
<i>Note: The first part is clearly an attempt to transliterate his name, and the second (博士) means doctor or PhD</i><br />
<br />
<u>Cat in the Hat</u><br />
戴高帽的猫<br />
戴高帽的貓<br />
dài gāo mào de māo<br />
<i>Note: The literal Chinese translation is a little different: 'the cat that wears the tall hat' (and how coincidental that </i>帽<i> and </i>猫<i> sound the same :)</i><br />
<br />
<u>Green Eggs & Ham</u><br />
绿鸡蛋和火腿<br />
綠雞蛋和火腿<br />
lǜ jīdàn hé huǒtuǐ<br />
<i>Note: Literally translated. Green. Eggs. And. Ham.</i><br />
<br />
<u>If I Ran the Circus</u><br />
如果我来经营马戏团<br />
如果我來經營馬戲團<br />
rúguǒ wǒ lái jīngyíng mǎxìtuán<br />
<i>Note: And now I know the word for circus :)</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<u>One Fish Two Fish, Red Fish Blue Fish</u><br />
一条鱼 两条鱼 红色的鱼 蓝色的鱼<br />
一條魚 兩條魚 紅色的魚 藍色的魚<br />
yī tiáo yú liǎng tiáo yú hóngsè de yú lánsè yú<br />
<i>Note: Measure words really make a hash out of this!</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Other posts</b><br />
While searching for the Chinese names of his books, I found some other internet articles / blogposts, for those who might be interested ...<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://chinahopelive.net/2011/01/20/dr-seuss-in-chinese">Dr Seuss in Chinese!</a></li>
<li><a href="https://vermont2china.wordpress.com/2012/03/01/dr-seuss-lost-in-translation/">Dr Seuss: lost in translation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.asianparent.com/Green-eggs-and-ham-bilingual-dr-seuss-book-in-chinese-and-english.aspx">Bilingual Dr Seuss</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_a821b2670101b3uz.html">苏斯博士:让孩子站在地平线上 ---- 儿童文学博士李虹</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
This last link has a long list of his books, including Chinese book names - certainly much longer than my list above.<br />
<br />
Bookmark this post. For reference. And stuff.<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-56082594708282009922014-12-30T16:36:00.001+08:002014-12-30T16:36:39.739+08:00Flashcards - the full collection of articles<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicNfEXpnfuR1LdazgMgMPr6SlpqN7cgd-1Aa6J7almeU1UCe0LTCYrY7EYYKjokPAQilzrYB8bJnvu_cmnOSVZZo67u2ydI6q7ET6isY8rM_XijsjNxALrzUt5ijbTaz_EzNyTYL_cK-8/s1600/flashing.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicNfEXpnfuR1LdazgMgMPr6SlpqN7cgd-1Aa6J7almeU1UCe0LTCYrY7EYYKjokPAQilzrYB8bJnvu_cmnOSVZZo67u2ydI6q7ET6isY8rM_XijsjNxALrzUt5ijbTaz_EzNyTYL_cK-8/s1600/flashing.PNG" height="181" width="200" /></a></div>
It was back in 2011 that I wrote my first post dedicated to the use of flashcards for learning Chinese, entitled "<a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/07/flashcards-just-do-it.html">Flashcards: Just do it</a>". And this remains my strong recommendation for anyone who isn't yet an "advanced" student of Chinese (or any language you might be learning).<br />
<br />
Since then, I have written a number of posts dedicated to the use of flashcards, and this article brings all such posts together into a <b>full compilation</b> - to make it easier for you to find them all ...<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/07/flashcards-just-do-it.html">Flashcards: Just do it</a> (I don't think I could be more explicit about how important flashcards are if you really want to accelerate your language learning)</li>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/07/my-long-romance-with-flashcards.html">My long romance with flashcards</a> (This post is about how I got into flashcards - after first trying and failing and giving up - to finally doing it properly)</li>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/07/redneck-guide-to-flashcards.html">The 'redneck' guide to flashcards</a> (A humorous look at "You know you should be using flashcards if ...")</li>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/07/how-many-flashcards-does-it-take-to.html">How many flashcards does it take to change a lightbulb?</a> (Here I give you an early insight into my actual flashcard deck, with lots of stats about its content and my usage, with some early and some recent examples of cards added)</li>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2010/08/getting-sentenced-in-mandarin.html">Getting sentenced in Chinese</a> (In this article I talk about why I had moved to learning sentences and not just words, and how to 'roll your own' sentences)</li>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/08/clever-butcher-uses-cleaver.html">A clever butcher uses a cleaver</a> (As you can see from the heading, you can actually create really clever sentences which link words, making them much easier to memorise)</li>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2012/07/write-on-reviewing-skritter-for-ios.html">"Write on!!" - reviewing Skritter for iOS</a> (Here I reviewed the Skritter iOS app, coming to the conclusion it's a great flashcard-style system for reading & writing Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-one-flashcard-i-review-more-than.html">The one flashcard I review more than any other</a> (A little tongue-in-cheek article about vocabulary :)</li>
</ul>
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<div>
The above articles are specifically about flashcards, and the number of articles will grow over time. I make many other references to flashcards in articles, especially those in the <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/05/heisig-method-remembering-hanzi-full.html">Heisig series</a>, as well as in terms of <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com2012/04/sentence-with-girl-with-dragon-tattoo.html">'dragon tattoo' posts</a> and <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2012/05/charlie-brown-teaches-chinese-sentence.html">'Charlie Brown' posts</a> and <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/12/ridiculously-flexible-words.html">'flexible' posts</a> and <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/01/parseltongue-year-of-snake-is-coming.html">'snake' posts</a> and <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2012/09/when-boat-arrives.html">'boat' posts</a> and <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2014/01/saddle-up-for-year-of-horse.html">'horse' posts</a> (and many others) where I include sentences that can easily be copied-and-pasted into your own home-grown flashcard pack.</div>
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And for those who are wondering, I have been using the <a href="http://ankisrs.net/">Anki</a> flashcard software (originally on Windows, then Mac, now mainly on iOS) - it's fantastic software, for many many reasons.</div>
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And, just to make my point clear, there is one post you really should read: <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/07/flashcards-just-do-it.html">Flashcards: just do it</a>!</div>
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Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-73336238599379730952014-11-01T19:49:00.001+08:002014-12-29T13:18:32.444+08:00Full interview with Timothy Richardson - the man who brought the Heisig method to Chinese characters<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2t54189EGZPbESHpOjDMGgx5noboOclSYZeVaLbSABeKtLpj9OXVSWgu_l0iO69zZdQj5xUGqzPtXwfnyfFH0LGh6PH-rkxWcp3HQOShhbdqxBCOV-mSM5k1jVwUeCK0tvuRiD3SJf30/s1600/TimRichardson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2t54189EGZPbESHpOjDMGgx5noboOclSYZeVaLbSABeKtLpj9OXVSWgu_l0iO69zZdQj5xUGqzPtXwfnyfFH0LGh6PH-rkxWcp3HQOShhbdqxBCOV-mSM5k1jVwUeCK0tvuRiD3SJf30/s200/TimRichardson.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #666666;">As I mentioned a few weeks ago, I have been really lucky to get some time with Timothy Richardson, the co-author of the Remembering Hanzi book series. Although it is known as the “Heisig method”, it was through the initiative and effort of Tim that this approach was brought from the original Japanese application, to Chinese characters.
Although I gave you a <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2014/08/meet-man-who-brought-heisig-method-to.html" target="_blank">teaser</a> to some really interesting facts about Tim and about the process of writing the books with Heisig, below you will find the full interview. Thanks again to Tim for this time, sharing so much about the books.</span>
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<span style="color: #666666;"><br /></span>
<br />
<b>Tim, let’s start off with two quick questions, one about you in the big world, and about you in the context of the Heisig method:
</b><br />
<br />
<i>• How would you describe yourself now, so that the reader can 'place' you?
</i><br />
<br />
I've been interested in language learning for a long time, but I also have broad interests in a number of other fields (philosophy, religion, science, etc.) and spend time reading about all that when I have a chance.
<br />
<br />
I'm a family man. I'm fortunate to have a capable, talented, dedicated wife
and nine irreplaceable children. Each is a treasure.
<br />
<br />
<i>• How did you first come across the Heisig method?
</i><br />
<br />
I was teaching English as a Second Language at Snow College, a community college in central Utah, when a Japanese-speaking colleague showed me a copy of Heisig’s Remembering the Kanji 1. I had taken three undergraduate courses in Chinese before that time, and this colleague thought I might be interested in Heisig's approach to the characters. He was right. Within minutes, I knew that (for me) this approach to character learning was better than anything I'd ever seen. Within a very short time, I was looking at and writing down correspondences between the Japanese elements and kanji in Heisig's book and what I knew of Chinese characters.
<br />
<br />
<b>OK, great start. We’ll get back to the book in a moment, but I’d like to know more about you, Timothy Richardson:
</b><br />
<br />
<i>• You live in Hawaii, but weren't born there? How did you end up in Hawaii?
</i><br />
<br />
You're right that I didn't start out in Hawaii. I was born in Mesa, Arizona, a place that has many wonderful people, but one that's way too hot for me. I have a definite preference for cooler climates. In fact, my biggest complaint about Hawaii is its lack of cold and snow from time to time. I'm aware that anyone who complains about the weather in Hawaii is likely to be seen as a crackpot, and for good reason. It's lovely here year around. I only have a preference for the cold because I absorbed so much heat in Arizona while growing up. I suppose I ended up here in Hawaii mostly because the University (Brigham Young University–Hawaii) needed someone who could teach both Chinese and Spanish.
<br />
<br />
<i>• When we started chatting last year, you were actually working outside Hawaii - do you do a fair amount of travel like that?
</i><br />
<br />
I was on a sabbatical leave in Utah when you contacted me last year. I do travel some in my current position (it's been mostly to Japan to work with Jim Heisig in recent years), but I used to travel more. Before I decided to work full time in the field of language learning, I worked in several administrative positions in which international travel (or residence) was an important part of the job description. The time I've spent in various countries has definitely helped me as a language teacher.
<br />
<br />
<i>• What are your current areas of activity?
</i><br />
<br />
For 13 years now, I've been part of the International Cultural Studies and World Languages Department at Brigham Young University–Hawaii (BYU-Hawaii), where I teach both Chinese and Spanish, and on occasion, Portuguese. I'm also involved in coordinating the teaching of world languages on campus.
<br />
<br />
In addition to ongoing work on the learning of Chinese characters, there are non-language topics that I hope to get to in the future (philosophy, religion, science, etc., as mentioned above). But I suppose I'll hold off on commenting about them at this point.
<br />
<br />
<i>• How would you summarise your language skills?
</i><br />
<br />
I'm a native American-English speaker from Arizona.
<br />
<br />
I do speak Chinese. My wife and I lived in Mainland China for two years, where we taught English at the Xi'an International Studies University. I studied Chinese in much of my free time (unfortunately, without knowing anything of Heisig's approach at the time). I later studied Chinese at the graduate level and currently teach BYU-Hawaii's first three Chinese courses. I'm very fluent in some areas of the language and less skilled in areas that I haven't spent much time in.
<br />
<br />
Spanish was the first foreign language I learned, while serving as a missionary in Chile for two years. I later lived for six months in Spain and a number of months in Mexico while teaching Spanish on study-abroad programs for Brigham Young University (Utah) and finishing up a Masters degree in Spanish linguistics. I also lived in Brazil for over a year while working for a petroleum company headquartered in Texas, and became very interested in and involved with Portuguese. (Before the M.A. in Spanish, I had completed a Masters degree in public administration [MPA]. Then, after working at the Agency for International Development for a short time in Washington, D.C., I decided that I might prefer the private sector, and ended up working in it for several years before going back to school for the M.A. in Spanish.) While completing the Ph.D. at the University of Texas, I taught both Spanish and Portuguese (mostly Portuguese) and mostly studied Chinese and linguistics.
<br />
<br />
Finally, it’s worth noting that I don't have any expertise in Japanese. Our whole family lived in Japan for four months while Heisig and I were hard at work on the Book 1s, and I have accumulated more time than that there during other trips, but I have not tried to learn Japanese at all (even though I do find it appealing).
<br />
<br />
<i>• What was the original trigger for becoming interested in the Chinese language?
</i><br />
<br />
I was working on the previously-mentioned Masters in Spanish linguistics at the time. I began to feel a strong interest in Chinese right in the middle of that program, so I started taking beginning classes. This meant that I was teaching undergraduate Spanish courses, taking graduate Spanish courses, and studying Chinese, all at the same time. My Spanish professors wondered about this 'irrelevant' interest I had developed, but they were good enough to tolerate it.
<br />
<br />
<b>Now back to the work on the books you co-authored with James Heisig:
</b><br />
<br />
<i>• I read that there was a 10-year period between seeing the method and writing your thesis - what happened during those years?
</i><br />
<br />
I don't know if it was 10 years or not. I could reconstruct this if I could spend time with my boxed-up journals from that time period, but right now that's not possible. It may have been about 10 years between my first seeing Heisig's approach and my finishing my thesis. During the intervening time I was teaching at Snow College, and then studying as a doctoral student at The University of Texas, at Austin.
<br />
<br />
<i>• How did you get in touch with Heisig originally? Did you just drop him an email? You called? You met him at a university event?
</i><br />
<br />
I'm not sure if I wrote him a letter, wrote him an email, or phoned him, but I believe it was probably back in 1992 that I first contacted him, at the beginning of my doctoral studies. I might have something on an old floppy disk somewhere, but that will have to wait to be resurrected, if ever.
<br />
<br />
If I recall correctly, I asked him if anyone had ever done anything for Chinese along the lines of what he had done for Japanese. My recollection is that he responded that a number of people had asked him that question over the years, and that some had actually begun on the Chinese project. He said something to the effect that none of them had any idea about how much work would be involved. But he also gave me the name of a person who, with his native-Chinese-speaking wife, had actually made some progress toward producing materials for Chinese and suggested that I get in touch with him. I did so, and it's true that this person had done quite a bit of work on the project. Still, my feeling was that he had taken it in directions for Chinese that weren't as appealing as what Heisig had done for Japanese, so I was lukewarm about any sort of collaboration with him.
<br />
<br />
What contact with Jim Heisig and the other fellow did, though, was convince me that little enough had been done that I could focus on the project as part of my doctoral work. I did have to deal with the fact that I was fluent in both Spanish and Portuguese, less fluent in Chinese, and that the sensible, practical thing to do would be to focus on the two Latin American languages. But my persistent inclination wasn't toward the sensible or practical, so I taught Spanish and Portuguese while focusing my studies on Chinese.
<br />
<br />
<i>• So what happened in the 10 years after your thesis but before publishing the book?
</i><br />
<br />
I don't think I had too much contact with Heisig while working on the thesis (a few communications, I suppose, but not a lot). Immediately following completion of the thesis and graduation, I returned to Snow College, where I taught both Chinese and Spanish (and occasionally Portuguese) and served as the Foreign Language Department chair for three years. I remember that I did have occasional email contact with Heisig, and with the fellow who had been working on a Chinese adaptation, during that time.
<br />
<br />
Then, in 2001, I came to BYU-Hawaii, where I again began to teach Spanish, Chinese, and, on occasion, Portuguese. During the first number of years here, I continued examining a number of Chinese-character frequency lists (four or five) to come up with a unique list of most frequently used characters for Chinese. I also did a bit more of the relevant theoretical research that had been part of the dissertation.
<br />
<br />
<i>• How much convincing did you have to do before Heisig agreed to 'coauthor' with you? Was it easy or hard?
</i><br />
<br />
At some point, I sent a hard copy of my doctoral thesis to Heisig. From what I remember, he took a couple of evenings to read/skim it and seemed pleased. Then, in 2003, I contacted him about making a short trip to Japan to meet him and show him the frequency list I'd been working on. We met and discussed things, and he was very generous in his encouragement for me to go ahead with the project. I told him that my thought, all along, had been that we might work on the project together, and that he would be the lead author.
<br />
<br />
I don't remember exactly when we decided to actually collaborate on the books, but an outside financial donor who had used Heisig's Japanese books, and who was at that point interested in some similar Chinese books, played an important role early on. I went back to Japan for part of the summer of 2006 to begin work on the books. Heisig, the outside donor, and I took care of a lot of details so that I could return with my family for the first four months of 2007 to continue the process. I returned later that summer and again in subsequent summers.
<br />
<br />
<i>• What can you share about the time you have shared with Heisig?
</i><br />
<br />
I have worked side by side with him on this project for days and days on many, many occasions. He works hard and at a fast pace. He's good humoured and extremely knowledgeable. In his approach to the work of the books, he uniquely combines, it seems to me, 1) a real bent toward systematicity and 2) an impressive ability to find non-systematic solutions when problems require them. I have enjoyed many good meals with him and lots of good conversation. I've even had occasion to have my entire family visit with him. He's remarkably good with children and has a large store of jokes and magic tricks at the ready to keep them entertained. Much, much more could be said.
<br />
<br />
<i>• Did you co-author the book mainly through emails and document sharing? Would you meet regularly over lunch and Chinese rice wine, arguing about which 1500 characters should be in book 1?
</i><br />
<br />
We have exchanged many, many emails and done plenty of document sharing, as well as my spending about nine months in Japan and him spending a few days here in Hawaii working on the project.
<br />
<br />
When it came to character selection he basically trusted the approach I was taking and left that to me – although we did collaborate on some character decisions with both books. With the Book 1s, we wanted the top 1,000 characters by frequency plus 500 other top-3,000 characters that would allow us to use Heisig's method for ordering them. This is detailed to some degree in the introduction of the Book 1s. We also collaborated on decisions about some of the last characters in the Book 2s when we were having to consider how many frequently-used surnames we should include in the top 3,000.
<br />
<br />
<i>• Are you still in contact with him?
</i><br />
<br />
I am still frequently in contact with him, as the project still has many ongoing aspects to it. Spanish translations of the Book 2s have recently been published in Barcelona, Spain, and German translations are in progress. (Heisig is, by the way, fluent in both Spanish and German. I teach upper-division Spanish courses at BYU-Hawaii, and I can tell you that Heisig's Spanish is excellent.) Our translators, in both cases, are exceptional, but Heisig and I have been quite involved as well. I've helped quite a bit with the Spanish key words, and Heisig oversees the layout and typesetting in both languages. We occasionally have Hanzi-book errata to communicate about. We've also been considering the increasing demand for review apps and a set of books on character pronunciations, but the project that is absorbing our energies at present is an eBook that combines the two simplified books. We hope to have it out soon.
<br />
<br />
<i>• On a more technical basis, were there any particular challenges that you two faced when doing the hanzi book, that perhaps were not an issue for the kanji ones? (For example, the issue of Simplified/Traditional is one that comes to mind, but maybe you can think of others?)
</i><br />
<br />
Yes, the simplified/traditional divide always had to be dealt with, and it had significant impact on almost innumerable details in the books. Initially, Heisig thought we should have just two books, one for the first 1,500 simplified and traditional characters, and another for the last 1,500. In other words, he thought we should introduce the simplified and traditional characters together in the same volumes, and he had figured out a promising way to do this. I was a bit hesitant that going this route would introduce too much complexity, but the deciding voice in the matter came from the outside donor. He expressed a preference for separate simplified and traditional volumes, and that's the direction we ended up taking.
<br />
<br />
<i>• Can you tell us a bit about the fonts? They match the stories perfectly - but I’ve seen other fonts where the ‘make-up’ of the different characters is actually slightly different.
</i><br />
<br />
There were many details that had to be dealt with in terms of the Chinese fonts we used. No one font we looked at, whether simplified or traditional, showed all of the elements we wanted in the way we wanted them. With full-form fonts, especially, there were lots of variants to deal with. We ended up using proprietary fonts, with Heisig doing most of the heavy lifting here. His ability with the software needed to modify characters to suit our purposes was critically important.
<br />
<br />
<i>• Uhm, Book 2 took a while! (For people like me who had done book 1 and were eagerly awaiting book 2, it seemed to take forever. And given that even official comment from the publishers seemed to use deadlines that were seriously exceeded several times, we all came to the conclusion that book 2 had some interesting challenges in wrapping up.)
</i><br />
<br />
You're right about the Book 2 delay. We were very aware of it. I think it's safe
to say that one reason for it was that around the time of the publication of the Book 1s my university, BYU-Hawaii, made some significant administrative changes. The School took major steps toward emphasizing the teaching mission of the Institution. That meant significantly increased teaching loads and correspondingly less time for research. Heisig and I both wanted to move quickly on the Book 2s, but my situation at BYU-H made that impossible.
<br />
<br />
Another thing that probably delayed the books by a year is that we decided, when the Book 2s were well on their way, to change the ordering of the characters. We were both a little dissatisfied with the ordering that we had decided on previously (all too complicated to detail here). I was literally on my way to Japan for several weeks of work when the idea occurred to me that we could perhaps use the same ordering we had used for the Book 1s. That is, we could simply arrange the characters from the second 1,500 in Book 2 lessons corresponding to Book 1 lessons in which we could have logically introduced them. This meant that at least one Book 2 lesson would only have one character in it, and that at least one would have more than 100, but there was a 'cleanness' to this organizational idea that was appealing. I approached Heisig about it shortly after I arrived at the scholars residence in which he lives. He immediately saw some advantages to it, but he also saw some disadvantages, not the least of which was that it would mean redoing days and days worth of work from the previous year and delaying the publication of the Book 2s. After more discussion, we decided to take the new direction, and we're both glad that we did. This Book 2 ordering allows learners to choose between the sequential (Book 1, and then Book 2) path we originally intended and a simultaneous (Book 1 and Book 2) path that we had not. Both have their advantages.
<br />
<br />
<i>• Are there any funny stories that you remember about the time you were writing the book?
</i><br />
<br />
We had a lot of fun with many, many of the character frames. The great majority of the creative work was Heisig's, but we often worked on or modified stories together. I feel that one of the best things I did was express reservations if I didn't think a story worked as well it should. This often led Heisig to add a twist or take a different direction altogether, and the frame involved was very often satisfyingly improved. Heisig has a gift for story creation, to say the least. (I suppose you might be aware that he once received a marriage proposal from a woman in India who had enjoyed his stories and approach to kanji learning so much that she had fallen in love.)
<br />
<br />
Here’s a major tangent. When my entire family was in Japan for those first four months of 2007, Heisig and I would go down to the gym at Nanzan University and play basketball on Thursday afternoons. We always took three of my boys with us (Nathan, then age 15; Seth, 13; and Jacob, 11), as well as another faculty member or two. I was 56 or so at the time, and Heisig was (and is) a few years my senior. I think my boys would all say that Heisig is a 'crafty' basketball player, and all of us could tell that he knew what he was doing on the court. Once, the previously-mentioned donor brought his two teenage boys and joined us for the day. We had lots of fun, and it was a nice change from writing.
<br />
<br />
<b>That has been fascinating! Thanks. I’d now like to shift back towards you a little, without straying too hard from the Chinese path ...
</b><br />
<br />
<i>• Is there somewhere your original PhD can be downloaded, for interested readers?
</i><br />
<br />
The dissertation is rather heavily theoretical in places and heavily referenced. The paper we previously discussed [aside: see link below] is easier for most people to handle. In any case, the dissertation can't be downloaded. The most recent information I have on ordering it (and some people have done so) is this:
<br />
<br />
If in the U.S.:<br />
The publication # (or UMI #) is 9838097.<br />
Call toll-free: 1 (800) 521-0600 (ext. 7044).<br />
Or write:<br />
Dissertations: Customer Service<br />
PROQUEST<br />
300 North Zeeb Road<br />
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106<br />
<br />
If outside the U.S.:<br />
Again, the publication # (or UMI #) is 9838097.<br />
Write:
Dissertations: Customer Service
International Department<br />
PROQUEST<br />
300 North Zeeb Road<br />
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106<br />
U.S.A.<br />
<br />
<i>• What other published material of yours would I be able to find online?
</i><br />
<br />
I wrote a paper that I presented at a conference in Germersheim, Germany, in August of 2005. A draft that I had submitted to the conference committee has somehow found its way onto the Internet at <a href="http://www.fb06.uni-mainz.de/chinesisch/Dateien/hanzirenzhi_papers_richardson.pdf">http://www.fb06.uni-mainz.de/chinesisch/Dateien/hanzirenzhi_papers_richardson.pdf</a><br />
<br />
The paper was later officially published as a chapter in a book that saw the light of day in 2007. Here's the reference:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Richardson, Timothy W. (2007). Chinese Character Memorization and Literacy: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives on a Sophisticated Version of an Old Strategy. In A. Guder, X. Jiang, and Y. X. Wan (Eds.), 对外汉字的认知与教学 [The Cognition, Learning, and Teaching of Chinese Characters] (pp. 315-353). Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.</li>
</ul>
<br />
There's also the short piece (at the link just below) that has some brief comments about the dissertation. I don't know why the owner of the site announced the books as being by Timothy W. Richardson and James W. Heisig, rather than vice-versa. I'll have to write her about that.
<a href="http://www.kanjiclinic.com/richardson.htm">http://www.kanjiclinic.com/richardson.htm</a><br />
<br />
<i>• Do you feel left out when - in relation to the Chinese book series - it's called the 'Heisig' method, and not 'Heisig-Richardson' method?
</i><br />
<br />
I can honestly say that I don't feel left out at all. You've been very kind in acknowledging my involvement in your blog [aside: see reference to 2009 article below], but I'm content to have Heisig's name most prominently associated with the project. It is, after all, his approach to character learning.
<br />
<br />
<i>• Your draft paper linked to above spends some time defending the use of mnemonics, and it certainly seems clear that based on research that they are indeed effective tools - yet I see plenty of people who look down on such methods. Does this frustrate you? Defending against such fallacies - is this a strong area of interest for you?
</i><br />
<br />
I think it's understandable that people look down on mnemonics. They've frequently been used or peddled by disreputable people for less than noble purposes. Too, as I've said elsewhere, I have personally seen mnemonics that seemed so silly that I have wondered if any advantage in recall could possibly compensate for having to think in the terms they suggested. And there are many other objections, some specific to the use of mnemonics with Chinese. Still, we do now have clear evidence of their potential effectiveness, and they have gained legitimacy as language-learning strategies. I, personally, don't know of a task that seems more appropriate to their use than the memory challenge the Chinese writing system presents for the non-native learner of Chinese.
<br />
<br />
Defending mnemonics isn't "a strong area of interest for me," except as a justification for the work Heisig and I are doing together. I'm content to leave the general defence of mnemonics in the hands of experts in the field of psychology, and elsewhere.
<br />
<br />
<i>• And what about other fallacies - such as "you must learn the pronunciation at the same time as you learn the characters”?
</i><br />
<br />
We do say something about this in the intro to the Book 1s. Maybe I'll allow that to suffice.
<br />
<br />
<i>• When I originally approached you about this interview, you told me that you already knew of my MandarinSegments blog - because someone had sent you a copy of the <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2009/10/with-thanks-to-timothy-w-richardson.html" target="_blank">2009 article</a> I wrote. Is there a story there? Was it a friend who sent you the link, or student, or other?
</i><br />
<br />
I wish there were a juicy story here, but I honestly don't remember how it came to my attention anymore. A friend may have sent it to me, or it's possible that I happened onto it myself. I don't remember. What I do remember is that I felt (and feel) appreciative of your kind comments.
<br />
<br />
<b>You & China, the country:
</b><br />
<br />
<i>• Have you ever lived in China?
</i><br />
<br />
My wife and I lived in Xi'an, China, for two years, while on a faculty exchange through BYU (Utah). Our first baby was born in Xi'an. We had arranged for everything to take place at the 4th Military Hospital, but when the time came, my wife informed me that there wasn't enough time to get there (maybe 30 minutes away through city traffic). Fortunately, the driver that was going to take us knew where there were a couple of midwives on the university campus. They arrived in the nick of time, helped us welcome our daughter into the world, stayed to help for perhaps 45 minutes, and, when all was under control, left. There had been the two of us in our bedroom, and then, that quickly, there were three. It was a beautiful experience. My wife deserves all the credit, of course.
<br />
<br />
<i>• What are your favourite Chinese cities?
</i><br />
<br />
Xi'an, since that's where we lived for those two years. But I also enjoyed Guilin (for its scenery), Kunming (for its wide-open skies), Sanya (for its wonderful seafood), Urumqi (for its unique combination of Han and non-Han cultures), and Yan'an (for its historical connection to the revolution). There are lots of cities I haven't been to, though, so my selection is limited.
<br />
<br />
<i>• Do you still return every now and then, if so then where? Do you get opportunities to guest lecture out there?
</i><br />
<br />
I was last in China (in Xi'an) in 2004 helping with a study-abroad group. I also took a group in 2002. I haven't been back since I started working with Heisig, but would like to return again in the not-too-distant future.
<br />
<br />
<i>• Do you ever visit Hong Kong? (this is a selfish question - I'm wondering if I might get a chance to meet you :-)
</i><br />
<br />
My wife and I have been to Hong Kong twice and really enjoyed it both times. I don't know when the next opportunity will present itself, but I'll be happy to get to meet you if you're still there when that time comes.
<br />
<br />
<i>• Do you have any favourite Chinese foods?
</i><br />
<br />
Yes, definitely. I really like 酸辣土豆丝 (sour spicy shredded potatoes) and 茄子 (eggplant), in almost any of the ways it's prepared in China.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: purple;"><i>Here endeth the interview. Thanks again, Tim.</i></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">(And as a reminder, the full collection of articles about learning to read & write Chinese using the Heisig system can be found <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/05/heisig-method-remembering-hanzi-full.html">here</a>)</span><br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-40386854661800707522014-08-06T22:01:00.001+08:002015-01-11T21:31:53.946+08:00Meet the man who brought the Heisig method to Chinese characters (an interview teaser)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVSOrxZktjakbnnDn7ui0gKqlJYDwprNVl3ckfZkLmM1YIJavNiSooZgMSrNMrG0NQkdQUh9lN8PrgliB78dfPYZGujJhXdNXEi2ZBPRHggzEKVj098vnVyE_GzuIcDQ6A90fG0kkmr-8/s1600/TimRichardson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVSOrxZktjakbnnDn7ui0gKqlJYDwprNVl3ckfZkLmM1YIJavNiSooZgMSrNMrG0NQkdQUh9lN8PrgliB78dfPYZGujJhXdNXEi2ZBPRHggzEKVj098vnVyE_GzuIcDQ6A90fG0kkmr-8/s1600/TimRichardson.jpg" /></a></div>
<b>Dark Times</b><br />
<br />
There was a time when the so-called Heisig method was for Japanese only. Those were dark times.<br />
<br />
And even though the original version (“Adventures in Kanji-Land”) had been published as far back as 1978, no one had successfully produced a full working version for the Chinese character system. People who were learning Chinese - including me - were still hoping that one day the method would be applied to Chinese characters. (After all, the Japanese kanji come from the Chinese character set in the first place!)<br />
<br />
<b>The Age of Enlightenment</b><br />
<br />
And then about five years ago the buzz was that it had been done: a book on Remembering Hanzi would be published. The person who had made it happen, working very closely with James Heisig of course, was Dr Timothy Richardson. And so Book 1 arrived with the first 1500 characters (which I devoured in about 3 months), and then 3 years later Book 2 arrived with the next 1500 characters (which I savoured over a year).<br />
<br />
These were good times.<br />
<br />
<b>The Interview</b><br />
<br />
Over the last few months, I’ve been in touch with Tim - throwing a barrage of questions at him, including: When did this all begin? How did he approach James Heisig in the first place? What was the worst part of transferring the Heisig system to Chinese? Why did Book 2 take so long?!<br />
<br />
And Tim has been ever-patient, answering my questions in amazing detail, telling a backstory which I found fascinating - and I know you will too!<br />
<br />
In the next article, the full interview will be published. But for today I just wanted to share some of the really fascinating things I learned about Tim Richardson along the way …<br />
<br />
<b>Did you know … ?</b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Tim is married, and has 9 children</li>
<li>His first child was actually born in the Chinese city of Xian, on the university campus!</li>
<li>He was born in Mesa, Arizona, and now lives in Hawaii</li>
<li>There was a time when Tim was a missionary in Chile, and later he worked in Brazil ...</li>
<li>… so in addition to lecturing on Chinese, he also teaches Spanish & Portuguese at his university</li>
<li>It was about 20 years ago that Tim originally approached Heisig with the idea of applying the method to Chinese characters</li>
<li>The amount of effort the two of them put into deciding which font to use for the characters in the book will surprise you!</li>
<li>His favourite Chinese food (because we are all curious :-) is 酸辣土豆丝 (sour spicy shredded potatoes)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
I’ve enjoyed connecting with Tim, and look forward to being able to publish the full interview in the next article. Stay tuned ...<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">(For the full collection of articles I have written about the Heisig method - including its history, and hints for its use, <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/05/heisig-method-remembering-hanzi-full.html">click here</a>)</span><br />
<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-83870026978152754572014-08-02T23:37:00.002+08:002014-08-02T23:37:51.422+08:00Mandarin has FIVE tones (I said five, not four!)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRLuIL69zhoghuAGi23AX3As_LqJAmpNAzh7qq7rt4wM7V4p3ao2w5B7WMuAhQ2TB6FR0QexwCSkFZxwQLAJyCAYpEH6gbcYVMyhUNd4hp-eU_fxSguzGHL-N9niQJRVmKFH4OiCcG-nE/s1600/neutral2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRLuIL69zhoghuAGi23AX3As_LqJAmpNAzh7qq7rt4wM7V4p3ao2w5B7WMuAhQ2TB6FR0QexwCSkFZxwQLAJyCAYpEH6gbcYVMyhUNd4hp-eU_fxSguzGHL-N9niQJRVmKFH4OiCcG-nE/s1600/neutral2.png" height="163" width="200" /></a></div>
Depending on what you read, different sources seem to disagree about how many tones Mandarin has. It's not a particularly big disagreement (and somehow, life goes on) but still ...<br />
<br />
Some sources say Mandarin has four tones (<i>No!</i>). Some say it has four tones plus a neutral tone (<i>what does that mean??</i>). And others say it has five tones (<i>like this post</i>).<br />
<br />
In this post I will *prove* that Mandarin has 5 tones! :-) Basically, I want to show you that the fifth tone is not just the toneless pronunciation of a Chinese character - the fifth tone actually changes the meaning of a character.<br />
<br />
Brace yourselves.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>The 5th tone is NOT the 1st tone</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQawCsRJ3cYkrVJKukPEw6-UVsZUx7ZPPxpKGeNPS4uzimRFREmDuJqdQYVNukFZnrh484nghjxwg5Xo3_-e1mlzV5Xa8T5MqfVAc2ThfIbBeTi7x7bFkRDlSrPKMhueukRqy0iXEAkGo/s1600/tone_1-5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQawCsRJ3cYkrVJKukPEw6-UVsZUx7ZPPxpKGeNPS4uzimRFREmDuJqdQYVNukFZnrh484nghjxwg5Xo3_-e1mlzV5Xa8T5MqfVAc2ThfIbBeTi7x7bFkRDlSrPKMhueukRqy0iXEAkGo/s1600/tone_1-5.png" height="146" width="200" /></a></div>
You can see from the <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2009/07/howto-look-up-word-really-fast.html" target="_blank">MDBG</a> screenshot on the right, the following words.<br />
<ul>
<li>地方: If this is pronounced dìfāng (where 方 is a 1st tone), it means 'region' or 'local'. But when it's pronounced dìfang (with 方 being the neutral tone) it means an 'area' or 'place'. Clearly the neutral tone isn't simply the correct way to pronounce the word - it actually has a different meaning when you use either the 1st tone or the 5th tone. </li>
<li>人家: Similarly, rénjiā means a 'family' or 'household', while rénjia means 'people' or 'other people'. </li>
<li>工夫; And while gōngfū is 'casual labour', gōngfu is 'time' or 'effort'.</li>
</ul>
<div>
So yes, the 5th tone is not the 1st tone.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>The 5th tone is not the 2nd tone</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzdsgvIygfyMkcGvOGorQrjrXcI5L7ZZYUuzOyZJU-u3-D6WE0BK-LYx38lMSSmsykHp_BV-kVdufolSoxsbqVWLG1y7Y4Hd2N4jBuUAS-yWW9-HSt9QYVvNyXfdHD5x4bxZXBhkpOL7Q/s1600/tone_2-5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzdsgvIygfyMkcGvOGorQrjrXcI5L7ZZYUuzOyZJU-u3-D6WE0BK-LYx38lMSSmsykHp_BV-kVdufolSoxsbqVWLG1y7Y4Hd2N4jBuUAS-yWW9-HSt9QYVvNyXfdHD5x4bxZXBhkpOL7Q/s1600/tone_2-5.png" height="135" width="200" /></a>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5_hdCJ9_GauNq_1uIZXueF4xfhXhIsz4M7TKOPjOsKyNG5_kb0W9Lcz-660R9_L7wAr2oIz01HDX6NwwlKc8ulEcoOOz3OEQmR_4zfxnXHzU9axuU0hJ5OvA9MoAHLi3PA4PWBfGlOQI/s1600/tone_2-5b.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5_hdCJ9_GauNq_1uIZXueF4xfhXhIsz4M7TKOPjOsKyNG5_kb0W9Lcz-660R9_L7wAr2oIz01HDX6NwwlKc8ulEcoOOz3OEQmR_4zfxnXHzU9axuU0hJ5OvA9MoAHLi3PA4PWBfGlOQI/s1600/tone_2-5b.png" height="121" width="200" /></a>
</div>
Similarly, the following words show that the 5th tone isn't just an alternative pronunciation, it actually changes the meaning of the word:<br />
<ul>
<li>精神: jīngshén means 'spirit' or 'essence', while jīngshen has more of a 'vigour' or 'vitality' meaning</li>
<li>出来: This one is slightly different, in that it's the first of the two characters which can also take on the neutral tone, but we see that chūlái talks about something 'appearing' or 'arising', while chulai is added after a verb to show completion.</li>
<li>用人: This one is interesting - and it shows that I'm really skating on thin ice with this article, but in the MDBG dictionary (screen shot way above & right) only shows one possible pronunciation, whereas in the Pleco dictionary (slightly above and to the right) it suggests that while yòngrén means 'to make use of personnel', yòngren simply means a 'servant' </li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div>
<b><br /></b>
<b>The 5th tone is not the 3rd tone</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRyAgGZNy7JWFvqj98WvVauTf_7K2o9XIfRlR2WUYlPtJAXwt3nTmbDLFes39mNcsftUogPuZUElFIba3P4tZ6Adm0KNAihuXMpE4RO7LpcCYn1SHeqNbWpnTjXeQ1-eXWY5h09lR5zMY/s1600/tone_3-5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRyAgGZNy7JWFvqj98WvVauTf_7K2o9XIfRlR2WUYlPtJAXwt3nTmbDLFes39mNcsftUogPuZUElFIba3P4tZ6Adm0KNAihuXMpE4RO7LpcCYn1SHeqNbWpnTjXeQ1-eXWY5h09lR5zMY/s1600/tone_3-5.png" height="101" width="200" /></a></div>
I'm sure you're getting my point at this stage. Again, looking at the MDBG screenshot to the right, you can see that ...<br />
<ul>
<li>吗: When it's mǎ it's more about a sound-word (used in the Chinese word for morphine, for example), but as a neutral tone it's the question indicator</li>
<li>起来: This can be qǐlai (to stand up) or qilai (placed after a verb to showing the process is beginning)</li>
</ul>
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So yes, the 5th tone can't be the 3rd tone.</div>
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<b>The 5th tone is not the 4th tone</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgybDtZ5ChdgW7t6xCbQQBN6WG2xUGqlwmhZyEcPHk4-4cVb9hxGk8umyUO_45dIj42He87Uzo42FCCHaXE9q7aeH7uOGL4PeAODxPRJDIfGzSl4MRhjtADGuoK39sO7IKfw9BsnqAP1co/s1600/tone_4-5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgybDtZ5ChdgW7t6xCbQQBN6WG2xUGqlwmhZyEcPHk4-4cVb9hxGk8umyUO_45dIj42He87Uzo42FCCHaXE9q7aeH7uOGL4PeAODxPRJDIfGzSl4MRhjtADGuoK39sO7IKfw9BsnqAP1co/s1600/tone_4-5.png" height="200" width="180" /></a>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRq_EHIFLB717C3Spa5US_3k-Lv9nLyDmDvsFyLxGQ9yVEV98FV4CLbSoT_mTJoeCI0K6z-uKOBTNw68U2AxV088aMUXFUw8-TsiX06qbDxfHtRq5B0iYca-CmT8CsXOmzHjfTMZRDxGU/s1600/tone_4-5b.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRq_EHIFLB717C3Spa5US_3k-Lv9nLyDmDvsFyLxGQ9yVEV98FV4CLbSoT_mTJoeCI0K6z-uKOBTNw68U2AxV088aMUXFUw8-TsiX06qbDxfHtRq5B0iYca-CmT8CsXOmzHjfTMZRDxGU/s1600/tone_4-5b.png" height="157" width="200" /></a>
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I came up with a few more example here, showing that a neutral tone again totally changes the meaning of the word:<br />
<ul>
<li>大意: We start with dàyì (main idea), but when we change the tone we get dàyi (careless)</li>
<li>生意: We first have shēngyì (vitality), but end up with shēngyi (business)</li>
<li>不是: And while búshi (fault) has the neutral tone, bùshì (is not) is a clear 4th tone.</li>
<li>世故: And again the one tone has one meaning with shìgù (the ways of the world), while the other tone has a different meaning with shìgu (sophisticated)</li>
</ul>
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There is another one, but again MDBG is silent on the difference, whereas Pleco is very clear:<br />
<ul>
<li>过 (or 過 <span class="mpt4">in traditional):</span> When it's used as a 4th tone word then the meaning is about 'crossing' or 'spending time', whereas when we want to show that is is about putting after a verb to show completion, then we need to use it as a 5th (neutral) tone.</li>
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So there! We have shown that the 5th tone is <b>not</b> any of the first four tones - and in each of the above cases we are talking about the <b>same Chinese characters</b>, and about a complete <b>meaning change</b> when the 5th tone is used.</div>
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So if you had any doubt whether there are 4 tones or 5 tones - now you now. There are definitely five distinct tones. And it's <b>not</b> just a pronunciation thing!</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sideline thoughts:</span></b>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">As you can see, I'm thinking a fair amount about <i>tones</i> at the moment, and this follows the success of my previous article on the <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2014/07/that-sneaky-third-tone-stand-still.html" target="_blank">sneaky third tone</a>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">You might also see this as a confusing follow-on to my discovery that <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/02/mandarin-is-just-series-of-maths.html" target="_blank">Mandarin is just a series of maths formulae</a>!</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Do you know why I chose this particular photo - right at the top of the article - to be the header for my post? There is no prize - but people will love & respect you if you explain below specifically where I got the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRLuIL69zhoghuAGi23AX3As_LqJAmpNAzh7qq7rt4wM7V4p3ao2w5B7WMuAhQ2TB6FR0QexwCSkFZxwQLAJyCAYpEH6gbcYVMyhUNd4hp-eU_fxSguzGHL-N9niQJRVmKFH4OiCcG-nE/s1600/neutral2.png" target="_blank">screenshot</a>, and why I used it here.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">If you want an intelligent discussion of the neutral tone, as opposed to what you get on this blog :) then read some good stuff, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology#Neutral_tone" target="_blank">this Wikipedia article</a>.</span></li>
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<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-25696480372186151962014-07-27T20:55:00.000+08:002014-07-27T20:55:43.614+08:00That sneaky third tone - stand still!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKshVDDorGL1p1ULLJEZLONc8fk-WJZ2QtxFgoWLAbSnJhc9575mt5WSZMhAcyqkZaERjuTqOtLs-26J3wQs09UZPKY_CZC-5b2aBy5UyzvWGwIAA5PbdNL25lwJE2bp1K50hoCz7uwZw/s1600/ThirdTone.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKshVDDorGL1p1ULLJEZLONc8fk-WJZ2QtxFgoWLAbSnJhc9575mt5WSZMhAcyqkZaERjuTqOtLs-26J3wQs09UZPKY_CZC-5b2aBy5UyzvWGwIAA5PbdNL25lwJE2bp1K50hoCz7uwZw/s1600/ThirdTone.png" /></a></div>
I've been thinking a fair amount about tones lately, and although some of the points are relatively basic, I thought it would be useful to put some of them down in writing. There is a surprise in here for you!<br />
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So today I wanted to write a really short article about the changeability of the third tone - going from blatant to less well known.<br />
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<i>1: The Default Position</i><br />
The character 你 means 'you', and it is written in pinyin as: <span style="color: magenta;">nǐ</span>. This is the dipping tone (it sounds like it looks) - and if you want to hear it pronounced correctly, just selected the audio option <a href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E4%BD%A0" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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<i>2: Two in a word</i><br />
There are some words which contain two third tones next to each other, like 你好 (<span style="color: magenta;">nǐhǎo</span>) - this is 'hello' and probably the first Chinese word you learned. In practice, you do <b>not</b> say nǐhǎo when you find words containing two third tones in a row: the first third actually becomes a second. If you have studied Chinese for more than a couple of months, you probably know this. Officially, pinyin still writes this as nǐhǎo even if it's pronounced <span style="color: magenta;">níhǎo</span>.<br />
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<i>3. Two in a row, but different words</i><br />
This is a slightly different variation of the above, but worth noting. Take the phrase 'very good' which is written 很好 (<span style="color: magenta;">hěn hǎo</span>). Even though they are two separate words (so there is a space between hěn & hǎo), you still use the same rule as above, and pronounce this: <span style="color: magenta;">hén hǎo</span>.<br />
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<i>4. The memorise-it-anyway-even-though-it-makes-no-sense type</i><br />
Many students of Chinese learn the following phrase quite early on: 马马虎虎. It translates as 'horse horse tiger tiger', and the meaning is more like 'not so bad' or 'OK' (not quite a horse not quite a tiger, I guess). And this phrase is a sneaky collection of third tones:<br />
- 3333: item by item, it's <span style="color: magenta;">mǎmǎhǔhǔ</span> - but that's wrong<br />
- 2323/2223: if we followed the rules above, it might be either <span style="color: magenta;">mámǎhúhǔ</span> or <span style="color: magenta;">mámáhúhǔ</span> - but that's wrong too<br />
- 3511: actually the correct tones are: <span style="color: magenta;">mǎmahūhū</span> (!)<br />
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So odd, yes. <br />
But worth noting (just in case).<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-44771653391096267012014-06-15T13:16:00.003+08:002014-06-15T13:16:12.870+08:00As (confusing) as possible<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://secure.flickr.com/photos/sidelong/444054284" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Edz5oTuWEDQ5CYsrDM8SAysl67lUjMHL7tAJuTvRPkDRHQCYvsitz7cMqBNpAVR2iUSO3Y4e0fineIo7RCQpKKx4crp-Ck7yCRjb8yAKQHTg1m6LUk2PPCJXc0pgqVHr3c1yqyYQgOY/s1600/elastic_DaveBleasdale.jpg" height="140" width="200" /></a></div>
I was revising flashcards recently, and in a relatively short space of time there were sentences that included 尽可能 (jǐnkěnéng - as much as possible) and 尽力 (jìnlì - trying one's hardest).<br />
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<span style="color: purple;"><i><b>Aside</b></i>: 尽 (jin) means something like 'to the furthest extent', so since 力 means 'strength' and 可能 means 'possible', you can see how (尽X) words would work. </span><br />
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Anyway, so my mind noticed - because the two sentences appeared just minutes apart - that in one I found myself saying jǐn (<i>third</i> tone - which is correct) and the other I said jìn (<i>fourth</i> tone - correct too). Chinese is always confusing - I've written about this plenty before - but I got to wondering when each would be correct.<br />
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The other word which then popped into my mind was 尽快 so I looked that up too ... damn! The dictionary showed that it could be both jǐnkuài <i>OR</i> jìnkuài. So strange.<br />
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I was speaking to <a href="https://www.facebook.com/judysputonghua" target="_blank">Judy</a> about this oddity the other day, and she - as a HK'er who uses the traditional character system rather than the simplified system - pointed out the following ...<br />
<ul>
<li>This is a known oddity in Chinese, and even HK people note this when studying Mandarin</li>
<li>If you use traditional characters, the words are written 儘可能 and 盡力, which shows us that actually they are <b>not</b> the same character in the traditional set (the 亻 component exists) - which partly explains why the one is <i>third</i> tone and the other is <i>fourth</i> tone</li>
<li>尽量 gets this right, because the one traditional variation is 盡量 which consistently uses the <i>fourth</i> tone (jìnliàng) while 儘量 consistently uses the <i>third</i> tone (jǐnliàng)</li>
<li>However, when you look up <a href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddictbasic&wdrst=0&wdeac=1&wdqb=%E5%B0%BD%E5%BF%AB" target="_blank">尽快 in the dictionary</a>, you strangely find that not only can it be written using <i>both</i> forms of the traditional character (盡快 and 儘快), but even the matching tones that we observed above don't work here!</li>
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I guess this is a point of theoretical interest. It's nice to know, but if you're learning by listening & talking (and not just reading) then you'll get these points right anyway. Like in my case, I was actually correctly using the respective first & third tones without realising it - because that's how I learned each - and it was more coincidence than anything that I noticed it.</div>
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<b>TL;DR:</b> Probably the right advice in this case is (a) listen to Chinese more (obviously!) and (b) if you're a flashcards kinda person (and you ought to be, if you're not yet advanced) then make a point of sometimes reading them out aloud - making sure the tones you're <i>saying</i> match the tones you're <i>reading</i> in the pinyin.</div>
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I've <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/12/ridiculously-flexible-words.html" target="_blank">written before</a> about words which - although the pronunciation remains the same - the meanings can be really flexible. But in this case it's about having the same meaning, but different pronunciations. Do you have any particular words which are as <i>confusing as possible</i> to you? Please leave a comment below ...</div>
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Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-35525482425706074532014-05-30T18:52:00.000+08:002014-05-30T18:52:27.746+08:00Happy 5th birthday, MandarinSegments!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjjoM7mP4hZY_wlPJaBz2AYnOQXc9PRsJqVn5-Z-tbdNDSd-eNljvc5peGfxViSOvLHI-p_nh1erO8NgJDgLHYx42CMjkUQpEAgOFlfSY-_TmyKINLgzca3Jx2Y1KVwqvOAab8ATdUX2I/s1600/birthday1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjjoM7mP4hZY_wlPJaBz2AYnOQXc9PRsJqVn5-Z-tbdNDSd-eNljvc5peGfxViSOvLHI-p_nh1erO8NgJDgLHYx42CMjkUQpEAgOFlfSY-_TmyKINLgzca3Jx2Y1KVwqvOAab8ATdUX2I/s1600/birthday1.jpg" height="200" width="133" /></a></div>
Today is the fifth birthday of MandarinSegments. Happy birthday!<br />
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Here are some facts ...<br />
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<ul>
<li>I have posted 141 articles</li>
<li>My <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2009/05/in-beginning.html" target="_blank">first post</a> was about why I started learning Chinese</li>
<li>There have been nearly 200,000 page views for this blog</li>
<li>My most popular post of all time is <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2010/08/karate-kid-qi-force.html" target="_blank">Karate Kid - the qi force</a>, which talks about the Jackie Chan version of <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1155076/" target="_blank">Karate Kid</a> - Google sends me all the people who are trying to work out what characters he traced on the window of the train</li>
<li>The post of mine which now gets more views than any other (though hasn't quite caught up with Karate Kid) is <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/05/heisig-method-remembering-hanzi-full.html" target="_blank">Heisig Method ("Remembering the Hanzi") - the full collection</a>, which brings together all the posts I have written about this particular way of learning to read & write Chinese</li>
<li>Perhaps the post with the most interesting debate was <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2009/09/learn-to-speak-mandarin-fluently-in-6.html" target="_blank">Learn to speak Mandarin fluently in 6 months</a></li>
<li>Even though blogspot is banned in China, I have still received thousands of page views from there. I'm guessing it's through a VPN - although the number is probably a lot higher because the VPN might make the views look like they're coming from the UK or US, for example.</li>
</ul>
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Most importantly, out of all the people who view my blog, <i>YOU</i> are my favourite reader. You!! Thanks for visiting, and please come again.</div>
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Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-46202031581373912792014-04-24T12:51:00.001+08:002014-04-24T12:51:04.625+08:00The one flashcard I review more than any other<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE7V-aZzN74f-su13oFuT4lrzi5V7SOmO6UA45cV8Ihx5Qq-T2jAKXvK18XgRBXt4NlPnc3AeYY3p3y5pQfmsdsR7y7hDQzX0bxP_tkW_2nBF8VuA129ucNWGlGUVKa-GA_ePD8UqO7tc/s1600/OCD.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE7V-aZzN74f-su13oFuT4lrzi5V7SOmO6UA45cV8Ihx5Qq-T2jAKXvK18XgRBXt4NlPnc3AeYY3p3y5pQfmsdsR7y7hDQzX0bxP_tkW_2nBF8VuA129ucNWGlGUVKa-GA_ePD8UqO7tc/s1600/OCD.png" height="320" width="180" /></a></div>
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<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-86726840072005590022014-04-17T14:03:00.000+08:002014-04-17T14:03:00.636+08:00Cat's DeliteWhen I was very young I wrote a story at school, during which I used the word 'delite'. The teacher corrected this to 'delight' using her angry red pen. Later that evening my mom was looking at my work, and asked me why I spelled it incorrectly like that. I pointed out that I had seen the spelling on TV - and indeed I had. If my memory serves me correctly, there was a cat food product called "Cat's Delite" advertised, and they used the 'wrong' spelling for the brand name.<br />
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I remember feeling how unfair it was that incorrect (quote unquote) spelling was allowed on TV which could confuse us poor little innocent children.<br />
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And so we come to Chinese.<br />
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I had lunch recently with Jimmy, a language exchange partner. I forget what we were talking about, but when wanting to use the word "communicate" (i.e. people communicating with each other), I used the word 交通 (jiāotōng) - which Jimmy was quick to point it was not the correct word. He recommended that I should use 交流 (jiāoliú) instead.<br />
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I know there are often many synonyms for a single word, and somehow I had convinced myself that 交通 was a valid alternative for 'communications'. I was about to accept that I must have made it up, or something, when Jimmy came up with a suggestion ... and he was right!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNLY4cJmgUzTGx3bSzRm5T5eJO9wtIwUplnYSMdMX7AfbuNWntTXlhdWi29OKMw5CcC54WLMNdPc50rs4Gls8nPR_6nJv6azY7r2rwvnV4-tbkZOOq4Vg8oNwV0ghls7n7hiOWLRbVu4Y/s1600/Communications.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNLY4cJmgUzTGx3bSzRm5T5eJO9wtIwUplnYSMdMX7AfbuNWntTXlhdWi29OKMw5CcC54WLMNdPc50rs4Gls8nPR_6nJv6azY7r2rwvnV4-tbkZOOq4Vg8oNwV0ghls7n7hiOWLRbVu4Y/s1600/Communications.jpg" /></a></div>
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Yup, all over HK I see the logo for Bank of Communications, and the word 交通 appears there. In my mind I guess I had therefore connected those two words - even though in fact 交通 is more about 'traffic' than about people 'communicating' with each other.<br />
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Sigh, us poor little innocent language learners. Learner's Delite indeed.<br />
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<i>Have u incorrectly learned words that terned out knot two bee rite? Drop a note be low and rite a comment ...</i>Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-5339959692610312832014-04-11T17:08:00.004+08:002014-04-11T17:08:51.967+08:00iPhone's new annoying pinyin keyboardMy pinyin keyboard, for messaging in Chinese on my iPhone, used to look like this ...<br />
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But when I upgraded to OS7, it got really ugly and ended up looking like this ...<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitMbpkM_rIOVhLZI4qUsqP-he1ujrYiIEKDymGSVE-fIwU0PwRhHwUK7V6UKyASUvbOqagJXVzQXyz3dinEJ8_Nvc4fCnoyLodgEhLBYHiKUBfCG2k5daypiuEW9p1VTPXtig-lt3yYAg/s1600/PinyinCap3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitMbpkM_rIOVhLZI4qUsqP-he1ujrYiIEKDymGSVE-fIwU0PwRhHwUK7V6UKyASUvbOqagJXVzQXyz3dinEJ8_Nvc4fCnoyLodgEhLBYHiKUBfCG2k5daypiuEW9p1VTPXtig-lt3yYAg/s1600/PinyinCap3.jpg" height="320" width="180" /></a></div>
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This new keyboard (which I subsequently found out is called the 'T10') was terrible - I was used to 'qwerty' and I wanted it back! I looked for another pinyin keyboard in the usual place, but there were no other pinyin options available ...<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> Settings > General > Keyboard > Keyboards > Add New Keyboard ...</span><br />
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So I kind of gave up, thinking that this must be an Apple design choice, and that I was the one left without a choice.<br />
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Then a couple of weeks ago, while looking at my list of installed keyboards, I accidentally clicked on my pinyin keyboard ("Chinese - Simplified, Pinyin") - and suddenly I was faced with several options:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8GgKmi6PjTr8nv5fxvVQ4pWO7TQeKpLO1j2SAA7TmDnnhgXW-tb-3aJZp-O6XtgWPv-4UEL2tZzCWuOG2cQfvEt4hFax4-33Iai_H5sz_6QcuEUhMIPb_VTiLudsKX56h7u501OR1Rv8/s1600/PinyinCap4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8GgKmi6PjTr8nv5fxvVQ4pWO7TQeKpLO1j2SAA7TmDnnhgXW-tb-3aJZp-O6XtgWPv-4UEL2tZzCWuOG2cQfvEt4hFax4-33Iai_H5sz_6QcuEUhMIPb_VTiLudsKX56h7u501OR1Rv8/s1600/PinyinCap4.jpg" height="320" width="180" /></a></div>
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At the time, '10 Key' was selected, but nothing else. I took a gamble, by turning off '10 Key' and turning on 'QWERTY' - and I got my preferred keyboard back.<br />
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I couldn't believe that I missed that in the first place - as had all the people I moaned to about this new setting, it seems. But even stranger is the fact that this appears to be Apple's default pinyin keyboard for HK & China, even though a quick search shows that most people hate it. What a strange default position for Apple.<br />
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From my perspective, however, this is now solved. I have my qwerty pinyin keyboard back, and life is beautiful.<br />
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I've written this article because it seems that there are still many people who don't realise that they aren't limited to T10 - so feel free to choose the one you want!<br />
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PS. Any of you get stuck with this damn T10, not realising you had a choice? You're welcome to leave a <strike>moan</strike> comment.<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-12892684796491935792014-04-02T18:45:00.000+08:002014-04-02T18:45:37.190+08:00Winning imaginary argumentsI remember seeing a post on <a href="http://www.reddit.com/" target="_blank">Reddit</a> (which I have been unable to track down - let me know if you can) which was roughly as follows: "<i>This is a graph of how I spend my time in the shower:</i>"<br />
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There is certainly some truth to this, and judging by the response to that original graph, there are plenty of people who do this - imagining scenarios, presenting clever arguments, and winning convincingly.<br />
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And, for people studying another language, some of those imaginary arguments end up being in Chinese. Don't pretend that you haven't done it too … you know, you imagine a scenario where you're having to deal with some difficult person who only speaks your target language, and you win while arguing in that language.<br />
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What's fun is that this imaginary arguments sometimes happen in real life (although probably not arguing with strangers in the shower :)<br />
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Sure, you get the easy scenarios where - in real life - some Chinese person is looking confused and you end up helping them by giving directions in Mandarin.<br />
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But you also get the real arguments.<br />
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For example, last year I went to South Africa and was standing in the queue at immigrations, waiting my turn to get through. Suddenly a group of five Mandarin-speaking people tried pushing in front of me. I told them in English there was a queue and they should please go to the back - but they pretended they couldn't speak English (or maybe they actually couldn't) - but either way they just ignored me.<br />
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I got really annoyed, and started telling them - in Chinese - that there was a queue, and that everyone else is waiting, and they should go to the back of the queue. They stood there speechless. The main guy said something back in Chinese, but I didn't actually understand him - so I just repeated myself, reminding them that there is a queue.<br />
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And they backed off, and then slinked to the back of the queue.<br />
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I felt fantastic - winning an argument in real life in Chinese - in a scenario that normally would only be imagined during 95% of one's shower time. Then some of the other (non-Chinese speaking) people in the queue smiled and gave me the thumbs up.<br />
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So yes, if you're looking for a reason to study Chinese, or to study a little harder, then winning arguments like this - whether privately & imaginary during your shower, or publicly with real Chinese people - definitely makes it worth while.<br />
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Have you ever had something along these lines happen to you in Chinese?<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-80374110236732661392014-03-25T17:13:00.002+08:002014-03-25T17:13:20.327+08:00The question of the problem with questions & problemsIn Mandarin, the word for 'question' is the same as the word for 'problem': 问题 (wèntí). This is normally not an issue - you can tell from the context of the sentence as to which interpretation is being used.<br />
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<b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> ?! </span></b></div>
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This morning, however, when I sat down to a hot cappuccino with my Chinese teacher, she asked me, “有问题吗?” (yǒu wèntí ma?) I was confused for a moment, since I thought she might have been asking it in a challenge way - like "What's your problem??" Then I realised she was simply asking if I had any questions at the start of our lesson.<br />
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As I say, <i>most</i> of the time the context makes it clear what your meaning is. But if not, you could always extend the sentence just a little.<br />
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For example, instead of "我有问题" (I have a 'question', or I have a 'problem'??) - you could say "我有问题要问你" (I have a question I have to ask you.)<br />
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Or you could just leave people wondering about you.Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-50974472362721055152014-03-15T14:27:00.001+08:002014-03-15T14:27:20.927+08:00Looking for Mandarin 'companion'<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhth5OLQR_h70heqWRgckDea7lCD7Iy4UKlRLBPytuQcO2-4ahzKzRQxMopUN9SZvtCb1C9IUGD5kyySM9_VbDShWV2m94ZtwvHdsOXaS1r42ipT4P8DdGvFPaO52HOX4S-ETFQyqi1Dy0/s1600/MC_logo_x200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhth5OLQR_h70heqWRgckDea7lCD7Iy4UKlRLBPytuQcO2-4ahzKzRQxMopUN9SZvtCb1C9IUGD5kyySM9_VbDShWV2m94ZtwvHdsOXaS1r42ipT4P8DdGvFPaO52HOX4S-ETFQyqi1Dy0/s1600/MC_logo_x200.jpg" height="77" width="200" /></a></div>
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A few weeks ago I was approached by Jared Turner at <a href="http://mandarincompanion.com/" target="_blank"><i>Mandarin Companion</i></a> with the offer of a few download codes, giving me the opportunity to review* some of their new books. <i>MC</i> launched towards the end of last year, with the goal of releasing a series of graded Mandarin readers ("new books for a new generation of Chinese learners") - and they have a growing library available. Also in the <i>MC</i> team is John Pasden (of <a href="http://chinesepod.com/" target="_blank">ChinesePod</a> fame).</div>
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TL;WR**: I'm very impressed.</div>
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<b>Extensive Reading</b></div>
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I've read many articles about language learning that encourage you to start reading in your target language (books, magazines, newspapers, comics, …) as soon as possible for maximum gains. Of course for many other languages, it's relatively easy to do this - even quite early on. After all, they use the same alphabet as English, and there is certainly a lot more overlap with English. (For example, can you guess what the Italian word 'aeroporto' means? Or the German word 'Banane'?)</div>
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But for Chinese, it's tough to follow this great advice about extensive reading. Even before you can begin you need to have memorised a few hundred characters just to hope to understand the first sentence. And this is where graded readers come in ...</div>
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<b>Graded Readers</b></div>
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("<span style="line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><i>this rare hit title uses just 10 letters, as a rule</i></span><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">")</span></div>
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You can read more about what Graded Readers are (and why they are good) in <i>Mandarin Companion</i>'s <a href="http://mandarincompanion.com/extensive-reading/" target="_blank">own words</a>, but suffice to say that they are books which are written to be at a specific level - allowing for the number of characters used, the level of the resulting vocabulary, the themes covered, etc. </div>
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Over the years I have tried a few graded readers, and collected a number of Chinese books at various skill levels. The problems I have had is that some of the books have been too simple, some have been too complex, and many at the more basic literacy levels have quite boring stories - even childish.</div>
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The <i>Mandarin Companion</i> books that I have read are different, and I thoroughly enjoyed reading them.</div>
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<b>So, the books …</b></div>
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I was given download codes for the following three books:</div>
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<li>The Monkey's Paw (originally by WW Jacobs in 1902)</li>
<li>The Country of the Blind (originally by HG Wells in 1904)</li>
<li>The Secret Garden (originally by Frances Hodgson Burnett in 1911)</li>
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<span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">These are old stories - but don't let that put you off. I'm guessing the reason for choosing old stories is to avoid issues around copyright, but these are classics - and are very good stories in their own right. A nice touch is that the names and places have been changed to totally 'Chinify' the story, so you forget about the Western world for a while.</span></div>
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In fact, I was so immersed in reading them that I often forgot I was reading Chinese, I was just so into the story - which is how reading should be IMHO.</div>
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These three books are all at the so-called Level 1 - which means they use about 300 <i>characters</i>, which build up to 400 unique <i>words</i>. But because the stories chosen were classics, I didn't feel that I was reading children's books - even though my reading skills are materially past Level 1. </div>
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A nice touch was that for certain words which were perhaps deemed to be more challenging for people at Level 1, there is a set of endnotes - you can click on the words to go to the definition, and then click 'return' and get taken back to the place you left off.</div>
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And I was pleased to see that <u>people's names </u>and <u>places</u> were underlined. I seldom see this in the Chinese books I read - most commonly seen in movie subtitles - but it's really helpful, particularly for readers who are less experienced.</div>
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You can see their full selection of books <a href="http://mandarincompanion.com/products/" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>
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<b>Suggestions to <i>Mandarin Companion</i></b></div>
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Although I very much enjoyed reading their books, I have some suggestions for them - one bigger, and several smaller ones.</div>
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<li>I do have some concerns with the price - at fractionally under US$10, I think it could work out to be an expensive habit. On the one hand, I appreciate that a huge amount of effort goes into abbreviating, translating, illustrating and then grading these books - and maybe this really is the 'right' price. On the other hand, I believe that books for learning like this should be consumed and not savoured, and for something that takes an hour or two to read (depending on your level), even a book a month will amount to a lot, let alone anything more regular. <span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">(At first glance, $10 for around 120 pages perhaps doesn't seem so bad, but allowing for English introductions & endnotes, the stories are only about 70-90 pages including illustrations.)</span></li>
<li>The endnotes are great - but I think a new word really only needs to be referenced once. For later appearances of the same word, I think <i>MC</i> could (indeed, 'should') skip the endnote reference. That would certainly make the reading flow better. For example, having the endnote break 漂亮的 into 漂亮<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[2]</span>的 each time, 盲人门 into 盲人<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[1]</span>门 dozens of times, and 盲人国 also into 盲人<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[1]</span>国 dozens of times feels a little clumsy and slow.</li>
<li>I think that having an illustration that represents the end of the story should be avoided (or put waaaaay past the final page of text). I was down to the last couple of pages and staring at me was a picture of what happens at the end - even before the words had taken me there. I had a sense of pride for having read the book, but it wasn't the words that gave away the ending it was the picture :(</li>
<li>There are a few places along the way where a name was missing in the intro, or the 'return' from endnotes took me back to the wrong page. Not serious issues - just requires a little more editing.</li>
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<b>The Future</b></div>
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<li>I look forward to seeing more titles being released. I will be reading more at Level 1, partly just because I enjoyed the flow of reading at a level that didn't require any thinking or use of dictionaries, and partly because the stories are just good reads. I also look forward to seeing titles coming out at the higher levels (I'm not sure when that might happen, or how far those levels will reach - perhaps <i>MC</i> can tell us below?).</li>
<li>Following on from my comment about price, maybe there will be special bulk offers available for people who want to mass consume? Please?</li>
<li>And as for you … I recommend that you get yourself a book or two - for instant reading on Kindle, iBooks or Kobo. They're great stories, nicely translated, and they make excellent reading practice. </li>
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<span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">TL;DR**: I'm very impressed and will definitely get some more</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>*</b> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Other than the three free download codes, no other incentives were offered nor taken</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>**</b> 'too long won't read' or 'too long didn't read' :-)</span></div>
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Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-67806326738657893332014-02-20T19:37:00.000+08:002014-02-20T19:37:14.158+08:00I really regret not studying Chinese sooner!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://secure.flickr.com/photos/yashna13/11665939334/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN5WoUq6EI5xKmLHXIFnsaWhP0nIUB0D8WuoasO2U9dO938_7D9eoxxbiT4lE21zSKuBombiqv1CpTFH2aJA0x6RKaxlMwSWzAoxH982z9a61cG17GvVzo2vQI2j8ktYzBbCaKzEzEgrU/s1600/SpilledMilk_yashna13.jpg" height="132" width="200" /></a></div>
I had an interesting conversation with a Westerner over a cup of coffee the other day. He has been living in Hong Kong for over 5 years, and barely speaks a word of either Cantonese or Mandarin.<br />
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The conversation went something like this …<br />
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<span style="color: #990000;">Him:</span> I really regret not studying Chinese sooner.<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Me:</span> You <i>really</i> regret it?<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Him:</span> Sure! I have missed out on so much of HK because I don't speak any Cantonese, nor do I read any Chinese characters.<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Me:</span> And if you had?<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Him:</span> If I had started years ago, then I would be pretty damn good by now!<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Me:</span> So you <i>really</i> regret it?<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Him:</span> Yes, so much!<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Me:</span> So much? It really bothers you?<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Him:</span> I think about it all the time, I just wish I had started when I arrived in HK. I would do anything to change that.<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Me:</span> OK, but you can't change the past. You can however do something <b>now</b>.<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Him:</span> What?<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Me:</span> You can do something now. Today. Why don't you begin today?<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Him:</span> Today?<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Me:</span> Sure. You can't change the past - but in 2 years time, you don't want to find yourself saying "I wish you had started 2 years ago …" So begin <b>now</b>.<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Him:</span> Well, I'm not sure I'm prepared to put in all that effort now.<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Me</b> (<i>thinking, but not saying it out loud</i>):</span> OK, so you don't really regret it. If it bothered you that much, even though you can't change the past, you would certainly change the future by beginning now.<br />
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Do you find yourself in this situation?<br />
<ul>
<li>You wish you had started studying Chinese earlier, and haven't really started yet? </li>
<li>You realise that if you had been using flashcards then your vocab would be much bigger now, but you still aren't using flashards? </li>
<li>You regret not having learned at least a few hundred of the simplest Chinese characters, and you're not currently trying to learn any of them?</li>
</ul>
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Please - don't regret what you haven't done. Don't wish you had made different decisions. You can't change the past. But you can do things differently now. Decide what you wish you had done, and do it <b>now</b>. It doesn't matter that you might have lost days, months or years - because at least if you begin now then it will prevent lost days becoming months, lost months becoming years, or lost years becoming … never.</div>
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<div>
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Aside: </span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Just in case you decide to actually <u>do something today</u>, here are some links that might help:</span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2009/06/howto-start-learning-mandarin.html"><span style="font-size: x-small;">How To: start learning Mandarin</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/search/label/flashcards"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Various articles on why & how to use flashcards</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/05/heisig-method-remembering-hanzi-full.html"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Learn to read & write Chinese - the full collection of articles</span></a></li>
</ul>
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Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-30226084085301863292014-01-28T09:17:00.000+08:002014-01-28T09:17:12.074+08:00Eye shit<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://secure.flickr.com/photos/visualpanic/2398054256/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwBw127Ha6bjHk4KVLzKIZTClnAmZG7ngnwmLRmi_jAgCix4bvE4A78zogklTl0r8KojlwA17vWhCLE3TAbVGfGl2D4mLLNS_HWlVFJRFD7spD0W2-MTw-PYvDUUYd1jmUHXkAg7oLHVY/s1600/HorseEyes_visualpanic.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a></div>
The other day I was speaking with a Chinese friend, who thought she might be getting sick, because when she woke up her eyes had been filled with "eye shit". She said it so matter-of-factly, as if that was the official name for the gunk that collects in one's eyes while sleeping.<br />
<br />
Well, it turns out that in Chinese, it is!<br />
<br />
It is written 眼屎 and pronounced yǎnshǐ - the translation given by <a href="http://mdbg.net/">MDBG.net</a> is "gum in the eyes".<br />
<br />
The first character 眼 is 'eyes' - that's easy'. And according to the same online dictionary, the translation for 屎 is 'excrement, shit, dung'. So yes, "excrement from the eyes" is a more palatable translation.<br />
<br />
But I definitely think that "eye shit" is the winner here today, folks.<br />
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">PS. In English I call it "sleep in my eyes" - what do <i>you</i> call it?</span><br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-18969206014110325852014-01-19T12:32:00.001+08:002014-01-19T12:32:40.923+08:00Saddle up … for the Year of the Horse<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPEuSGL8OaCbgDWn3v7J-g2SJHV0cd_JiSQhodTcmfN0ypb2_dhgyL37lW819V7cUl0lAANUXi4E-10hzRNhHLElvvxyyh6dd6voJ6G0rt7sIOYKHFqCkLV1gVfKeI2UR__bdz4zonsOM/s1600/horse_jasmin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPEuSGL8OaCbgDWn3v7J-g2SJHV0cd_JiSQhodTcmfN0ypb2_dhgyL37lW819V7cUl0lAANUXi4E-10hzRNhHLElvvxyyh6dd6voJ6G0rt7sIOYKHFqCkLV1gVfKeI2UR__bdz4zonsOM/s1600/horse_jasmin.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Horse calligraphy, by Jasmin</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
It's riding into town - <b>The Year of the Horse</b> - and it will arrive on 31 January 2014.<br />
<br />
In the same way that the western Zodiac has different personality types for people born in different months, the Chinese Zodiac has something for people born in different lunar calendar years. For a bit of fun, if you'd like to understand better what personality <i>you</i> are, and what the Year of the Horse means for you, then take a look at <a href="http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/social_customs/zodiac/horse.htm" target="_blank">this site</a> which has some great summaries.<br />
<br />
But this is a Mandarin-learning blog, so let's dig a little into 'horse' as a character, a word, and as part of larger phrases. This is all consistent with my <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2009/06/wordpacks-introduction.html">WordPack</a> philosophy - which helps make learning Chinese much more efficient.<br />
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<b><br /></b>
<b>The Character Itself</b><br />
The Simplified Chinese character for 'horse' is 马, which is written as 馬 in the Traditional Chinese character system - this is pronounced <span style="color: red;">mǎ</span>. Although it's hard to tell, the character actually evolved from something that used to look like a horse! Here's a diagram which I got from <a href="http://taeglich.chinesisch-trainer.de/" target="_blank">Taeglich Chinesisch</a> (a German-language Chinese blog) to make that etymology more obvious:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://taeglich.chinesisch-trainer.de/index.php?z=99AC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTmTpTFned4GQ_NxJ-ThUpDpqeiD69n6S0m46y4Hkw4m2i45YAXIPBtDptiPvZQCz_qhL0MGeBy6CpNgLWHkuM7Tw5o3iNcD0xUU4WY8YlRNp0v0LOzng7j4Ufqg0GlJCEd_S_91QLLEg/s1600/horse_TaeglickChinesisch.png" height="84" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b>Just part of a Character</b><br />
Sometimes, though, the 马 character isn't used as a <i>full</i> character, but rather only as a <i>part</i> of the character. For example, the word for 'camel' is 骆驼 (luòtuo) - note how the horse radical appears in both of the hanzi. When you're learning to read & write Chinese, you need a system to help you memorise all of these variations - I recently wrote an article called <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/12/stoned-horses.html">Stoned Horses</a> which covers exactly that topic.<br />
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<b>Horse Words</b><br />
There are many words which include the 马 character - some related to horses, and some where the connection is a little more obscure. For your convenience, I have include the full details of the words & phrases below, so that it's easy for you to copy into your flashcard pack. And seriously, if you want to massively increase your vocab, <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/07/flashcards-just-do-it.html">in my opinion</a> you <i>really</i> should be using flashcards.<br />
<br />
The format I will be using is:<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: purple;">english (simplified / traditional) pinyin: </span><i style="color: purple;">comment</i></li>
</ul>
<div>
<i><span style="color: blue;">The Actual Horse</span></i></div>
<ul>
<li>horse (马 / 馬) mǎ</li>
<li>measure word for horses: (匹) pǐ: <span style="color: #999999;">for example, 'three horses' is 三匹马</span></li>
<li>horse (马匹 / 馬匹 ) mǎpǐ: <span style="color: #999999;">given the above two characters, this alternative word isn't really a surprise :)</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<div>
<i><span style="color: blue;">Things Related to Horses</span></i></div>
<ul>
<li>saddle (马鞍 / 馬鞍) mǎ'ān: <span style="color: #999999;">literally a 'horse saddle'</span></li>
<li>horseshoe (马蹄铁 / 馬蹄鐵) mǎtítiě: <span style="color: #999999;">literally 'horse hoof iron'</span></li>
<li>to ride a horse (骑马 / 騎馬) qímǎ</li>
<li>horse racing (赛马 / 賽馬) sàimǎ</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<i><span style="color: blue;">Because English uses the Word 'horse'</span></i></div>
<ul>
<li>horsepower (马力 / 馬力) mǎlì: <span style="color: #999999;">uhm, it's 'horse power'</span></li>
<li>seahorse (海马 / 海馬) hǎimǎ: <span style="color: #999999;">again, as simple as 'sea horse'</span></li>
<li>ponytail - for hairstyles or similar (马尾 / 馬尾) mǎwěi: <span style="color: #999999;">if you pretend a pony and a horse is the same thing</span></li>
<li>wooden horse / rocking horse / gym vaulting horse / trojan horse in computing (木马 / 木馬) mùmǎ: <span style="color: #999999;">literally it's a 'wooden horse'</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<i><span style="color: blue;">Names & Places - because it makes the 'ma' sound</span></i></div>
<ul>
<li>Mark (马克 / 馬克) Mǎkè</li>
<li>Marco Polo (马可波罗 / 馬可波羅) Mǎkě Bōluó</li>
<li>Barack Obama (奥巴马 / 奧巴馬) Àobāmǎ</li>
<li>Rome, capital of Italy (罗马 / 羅馬) Luómǎ</li>
<li>Malaysia (马来西亚 / 馬來西亞) Mǎláixīyà</li>
<li>Himalayas (喜马拉雅 / 喜馬拉雅) Xǐmǎlāyǎ</li>
<li>Amazon (亚马逊 / 亞馬遜) Yàmǎxùn</li>
<li>… and so many more example like this.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<i><span style="color: blue;">Figurative Horses - where the connection is slightly tenuous</span></i></div>
<ul>
<li>immediately (马上 / 馬上) mǎshàng: <span style="color: #999999;">get on your horse right now!</span></li>
<li>street or road (马路 / 馬路) mǎlù: <span style="color: #999999;">I guess it's the place where horses used to ride</span></li>
<li>BMW cars (宝马 / 寶馬) Bǎomǎ: <span style="color: #999999;">quite a clever name, by sound & meaning</span></li>
<li>zebra (斑马 / 斑馬) bānmǎ: <span style="color: #999999;">I suppose 'striped horse' is about as accurate as you can get!</span></li>
<li>hippopotamus (河马 / 河馬) hémǎ: <span style="color: #999999;">it looks like a horse in the river (said no one, ever)</span></li>
<li>fine steed (千里马 / 千里馬) qiānlǐmǎ: <span style="color: #999999;">literally a thousand mile horse, which would be fine!</span></li>
<li>unexpected winner (黑马 / 黑馬) hēimǎ: <span style="color: #999999;">literally a black horse, similar to English usage</span></li>
<li>knight in shining armour (白马王子 / 白馬王子) báimǎwángzǐ: <span style="color: #999999;">a Prince on his White Horse</span></li>
<li>so-so (马马虎虎 / 馬馬虎虎) mǎmahūhū: <span style="color: #999999;">horse-horse-tiger-tiger, neither one nor the other</span></li>
<li>suck up to / toady (拍马屁 / 拍馬屁) pāimǎpì: <span style="color: #999999;">to pat the horse's buttocks, to encourage it forwards</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
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<div>
<b>Idioms</b></div>
<div>
Chengyu is a massive body of Chinese idioms (usually four characters) which you can read about <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/03/chinese-idiom-in-hand-is-worth-two-in.html">here</a>. Below are some of the ones I have found which relate to horses. If you take a look at <a href="http://www.chinese-tools.com/chinese/chengyu/dictionary/search.html">Chinese-Tools</a>, you will find at least 50 chengyu that use the character 马 - so I will only include a few here, and leave you to trawl through the others if you're overcome with desire.</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>马马虎虎 (mǎ ma hū hū) so-so: <span style="color: #999999;">I have already mentioned this one above, but it's one of the first chengyu/idioms that we learn when studying Chinese so it's worth a second mention</span></li>
<li>兵荒马乱 (bīng huāng mǎ luàn) the chaos of war: <span style="color: #999999;">soldiers wasteland horses confusion</span></li>
<li>单枪匹马 (dān qiāng pí mǎ) single-handedly: <span style="color: #999999;">single spear one horse</span></li>
<li>非驴非马 (fēi lǘ fēi mǎ) it resembles nothing: <span style="color: #999999;">neither donkey nor horse</span></li>
<li>快马加鞭 (kuài mǎ jiā biān) as fast as possible: <span style="color: #999999;">fast horse add whip</span></li>
<li>露出马脚 (lùchū mǎjiǎo) unmask the true nature: <span style="color: #999999;">expose the cloven hoof (also: 露马脚)</span></li>
<li>马到成功 (mǎ dào chéng gōng) achieve instant success: <span style="color: #999999;">succeed as soon as the horse arrives</span></li>
<li>盲人瞎马 (máng rén xiā mǎ) rush headlong into disaster: <span style="color: #999999;">blind person kills the horse</span></li>
<li>秣马厉兵 (mò mǎ lì bīng) be combat ready: <span style="color: #999999;">feed the horse, strict soldiers</span></li>
<li>一马当先 (yī mǎ dāng xiān) be the first to take the lead: <span style="color: #999999;">one horse goes first</span></li>
<li>走马看花 (zǒu mǎ kàn huā) examine a thing hurriedly: <span style="color: #999999;">ride the horse while looking at flowers</span></li>
<li>车水马龙 (chē shuǐ mǎ lóng) heavy traffic: <span style="color: #999999;">car water horse dragon (sorry, what??)</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Saddle Up</b></div>
<div>
So now you know the character, the words, the implications. All that is left to do is to have a great Year of the Horse - bring on the dancing horses!!</div>
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<div>
Happy New Year! </div>
<div>
新年快乐!</div>
<div>
xīnniánkuàilè!</div>
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Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-833650272696186962014-01-02T14:00:00.000+08:002014-01-02T14:00:21.276+08:00Don't read books, read sculptures<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Firstly, happy new year - welcome to 2014! Secondly, just a quick post about something I saw which I thought was totally amazing …<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSgR-yJ7tGD3zKexEM9IFbUKLGWf8kWpaNdcwjpCwb29DzZlhIbLARKPs1R8NY4jY0uhs3J3IHPFQH3i8Oht6XjKPKD9O1j7Sfhy9ctxtBbXtaIH1zKSimrEWMRMbqb0oJ8OlSxOmzXuk/s1600/ZhengLu5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSgR-yJ7tGD3zKexEM9IFbUKLGWf8kWpaNdcwjpCwb29DzZlhIbLARKPs1R8NY4jY0uhs3J3IHPFQH3i8Oht6XjKPKD9O1j7Sfhy9ctxtBbXtaIH1zKSimrEWMRMbqb0oJ8OlSxOmzXuk/s320/ZhengLu5.jpg" width="320" /></a>
<br />
<br />
Zheng Lu is an artist who creates very impressive things - you can see his full collection <a href="http://www.zhengluart.com/" target="_blank">here</a>. But it was in particular a series of sculptures made up of thousands of Chinese characters that really caught my eye.<br />
<br />
The article which talks about these can be found <a href="http://www.mymodernmet.com/profiles/blogs/zheng-lu-metal-sculptures" target="_blank">here</a>, it's well worth a look. And to give you a sense of scale, take a look at the picture above, and you can see the most incredible detail Zheng Lu goes to in his work.<br />
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So if you're tired of practising reading Chinese books, and you'd like to read something a little different, then read that!<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-51077705801006679152013-12-12T15:00:00.000+08:002013-12-12T15:00:11.857+08:00Stoned Horses<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/ky_olsen/3104466691/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYRFDkYCLO59hEhd6pPljmY4H0Dhb0LdGpKCTbKgLsjbISRGMKtPnPPEnwbmcL0sDqRYj8lbTZMBgr60iOBAOsLqV17V227vYu4FWQHw0s10wBebWtpKeLY00M4PE7imXCpNOZFeRT8vY/s200/StonedHorse-ky_olsen.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
When students learn to read & write Chinese characters, there are broadly two ways of doing it. The first is 'brute force' where you practise the strokes over & over again until you have internalised them, and the second is to use some method of visualisation which allows you to decompose the characters into parts - and piece them together again using imagary (which is much easier to remember that just pure strokes).<br />
<br />
Although I used the Heisig method to learn 3000 characters (and I've blogged extensively on this - you can find the <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/05/heisig-method-remembering-hanzi-full.html" target="_blank">full collection here</a>), note that what I'm writing below is about visualisation in general, and is <i>not</i> specific to the Heisig approach.<br />
<br />
Take for example the character for '<b>numeral</b>' - which is 码 (mǎ, also written 嗎 in the traditional system). You can see it's made up of 石 (stone) and 马 (horse). When I learned this character, I naturally had to create an image of why stone+horse=numeral. In this case, a flood of images came to mind, and I realised there were so many options.<br />
<br />
<b>So many examples!</b><br />
<br />
It got me thinking of times I've spoken to people about visualisation methods, and they say it's so hard to create images. So in addition to the very popular article <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2009/10/tips-tricks-for-heisig-visualisations.html" target="_blank">Tips & Tricks for Heisig Visualisations</a>, I decided to share here a range of images that I could use for this character.<br />
<ul>
<li>I picture the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army" target="_blank">Terracotta Army</a>, but instead of rows and rows of soldiers, I picture rows and rows of <i>stone horses</i>. And of course, since this is a very valuable collection, I imagine each horse is <i>numbered</i> - as you often see in museums. I suppose you can use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terrakottaarm%C3%A9n.jpg" target="_blank">this</a> & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XianCavalryman.JPG" target="_blank">this</a> to help you create the image yourself. Ultimately this is my preferred image for remembering that stone+horse=numeral. Your preferred image may be different, and that's OK.</li>
<li>Or I can see a <i>horse</i> doing maths. You know, with <i>numerals</i>. But horses can't write in books, so this horse has a few <i>stones</i> laid out on the ground before him, and he is moving them around, a little like someone might use an abacus, to do the calculations. </li>
<li>I can also visualise a ten-pin bowling alley, but you won't find pins at this place - instead you will find 10 <i>stone horses</i> at the bottom of the bowling lane. Can you see as your ball hits them, they break from the impact - and your score (such a high <i>number</i>!) appears on the board above you.</li>
<li>Maybe there are <i>horses</i> running a race, but the track has lots of loose <i>stones</i> on the track, and each time a horse stumbles on the stone and falls, someone keeping score of 'lost' horses chalks up a higher <i>numeral</i> on the board.</li>
<li>How about a large piece of cardboard which is part of a colour-by-numbers approach. But with this one you don't paint according to the <i>number</i>, you place a <i>stone</i> of different colour on that number. And when it's done and you step back, you can see it's a <i>horse</i>!</li>
<li>Another possibility is to imagine <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/beglen/2463097415/" target="_blank">cave paintings</a> of <i>horses</i> scratched into the <i>stone</i> walls, but when you look more closely you notice that between the pictures of horses there are numbers - almost like the person was doing maths with horses as <i>numerals</i>. </li>
<li>Alternatively, I can see a gateway with a <i>stone horse</i> head mounted on top (it looks a little like <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/noii/3841158966/" target="_blank">this</a>) - there is someone sitting astride that head, and as people pass through the gateway, she updates the <i>numerals</i> in her notepad, since she's counting people who use this entrance. </li>
</ul>
<b><br /></b>
<b>Choosing the best one</b><br />
<br />
Let's be clear, the one that is best for <u>me</u> may not be the best for <u>you</u> - so don't simply choose the one that I have chosen, but recognise which one best matches the way your own thinking works.<br />
<br />
(It is possible to come up with really bad images, which I've written about <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2012/05/bad-heisig-images-great-dali-paintings.html" target="_blank">here</a>, but none of the above ones fails the tests in that article.)<br />
<br />
After having done 3000 characters this way, I know instinctively how my brain works. And if you repeatedly hypnotised me to forget this character, and kept asking me to (re)create an image, it would probably be the first one, again & again. This is important, because in future when you're facing the character in The Real World © you will indeed need to see 码 then think stone+horse, and if your mind comes up with a different image, then you're never going to be able to work out what character you're looking at!)<br />
<br />
<b>So?</b><br />
<br />
Did this help? Is it useful to be reminded that there really are so many (good) ways of creating images, that we shouldn't feel helpless, and we shouldn't forgive ourselves for feeling we can only come up with poor images?<br />
<br />
So while you're in a visualisation mood, challenge yourself … Pick one or two of the characters below and create a <i>few</i> images that actually work. For fun.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>敌: tongue+taskmaster = enemy</li>
<li>妄: perish+woman = absurd</li>
<li>坏: earth+NO = bad</li>
<li>如: woman+mouth = if</li>
</ul>
<br />
Leave a comment if you have any clever thoughts. Or if you have any dumb thoughts, that's OK too.<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-27498772765154323322013-12-08T12:03:00.001+08:002013-12-08T12:03:50.301+08:00Heisig Book 2 - now finished! (this is how)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTm1CCNNcfkgMI-PHjiRFRHciJK3jb8-lsSNj3Y_ovpFOz-i3M6Q8tEZmuQt-kB1D3qS0m9zHz6k4EHkp6KcqjwnHC40mx5bEm6XQoZM4G2KPcJKUPUkgdsEKY4QB1HgB-qPUpNu2oqzc/s1600/Heisig_caps.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTm1CCNNcfkgMI-PHjiRFRHciJK3jb8-lsSNj3Y_ovpFOz-i3M6Q8tEZmuQt-kB1D3qS0m9zHz6k4EHkp6KcqjwnHC40mx5bEm6XQoZM4G2KPcJKUPUkgdsEKY4QB1HgB-qPUpNu2oqzc/s200/Heisig_caps.png" width="200" /></a></div>
Today I completed the 1500 characters of Heisig & Richardson's Book 2. (Actually there are 1519 characters in this book, including the bonus ones.) This takes me to a total of 3019, which is about as far as I plan to go.<br />
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I finished Book 1 about <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2009/11/learn-to-read-write-chinese-done.html" target="_blank">four years ago</a>, and was happy for quite some time not to bother with Book 2. Then about 1.5 years ago, I tried <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2012/07/i-have-begun-heisig-book-2-kinda.html" target="_blank">starting Book 2</a>, but failed. By the start of 2013, I had decided I would <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/01/under-blankets-with-torch.html" target="_blank">begin again</a> - but the difference that time was that although I managed Book 1 in just over 100 days, my decision in January was that I would take my time, and focus on finishing the book by the end of the year.<br />
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And that's what I did - I stuck with the slow-and-steady approach, and completed the book in 11.5 months. And it feels great! (you should try it one day)<br />
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Although there is something to be said for throwing yourself at it - like I did with Book 1 - it does take a bigger time commitment and certainly more focus. My first attempt to begin Book 2 was too intense, and that's why I failed. The second time I was ready to focus on just 5 new characters a day - and that succeeded perfectly.<br />
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There is no Book 3 - and to be fair, even if there were, I think I would be focusing on actually <i>reading</i> books now, rather than <i>memorising</i> new characters. So for 2014 my focus will be books and not textbooks.<br />
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It's not even noon here in HK right now, so perhaps a little early to go out and drink champagne. But I will do that this afternoon.<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-5615570313535397392013-12-04T16:12:00.004+08:002013-12-04T16:12:37.395+08:00Ridiculously flexible words<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnastics-training-07998.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuG_FF0UndoEtDGmnhCZ0BHOFOWSB8LLVm3blQ9TWCvRYhoa__4ZC1R4zOHKp0aqfoRYP8A_ZTDh7fwxOpDC6PcI9p4vInA3RxblGjd7aRwzOGXImmF0Pfv8tuJO_52zm_t-U6YLPSN10/s200/Gymnastics_wiki.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
When you start learning Chinese, you figure out relatively quickly how the language puts characters together to make words. <br />
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Since 好 (hǎo) means 'good', it makes sense that <b>好</b>友 is a 'close friend', <b>好</b>看 is 'good looking', <b>好</b>处 is an 'advantage', <b>好</b>心 is 'kind hearted', and so on.<br />
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Deep down, I want Chinese to be like this all the time: consistent, and <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2009/06/wordpacks-introduction.html" target="_blank">easy to learn</a>. Unfortunately, life isn't fair. And Chinese isn't like this.<br />
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The one character, more than any others I have found, that seems to represent so many different things, is the character 节 / 節 (usually pronounced jié). The MDBG dictionary provides <a href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddictbasic&wdrst=0&wdeac=1&wdqb=%E8%8A%82" target="_blank">this</a> selection of possible meanings: "<i>festival / holiday / node / joint / section / segment / part / to economize / to save / to abridge / moral integrity / classifier for segments, e.g. lessons, train wagons, biblical verses</i>".<br />
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I was seeing this character appearing in so many (very different) words, which is what got me thinking, including: 节目 (jiémù) = program; 春节 (Chūnjié) = Spring Festival (but it also applies to most festivals including Christmas & Valentines Day); 章节 (zhāngjié) = chapter; 细节 (xìjié) = details; 空气调节 (kōngqìtiáojié) = aircon; etc.<br />
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Not sure about you, but I find this confusing!<br />
<br />
In an attempt to gain control of this character, with <a href="https://www.facebook.com/judysputonghua" target="_blank">Judy's</a> help, I came up with the following sentence to put in my <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/07/flashcards-just-do-it.html" target="_blank">flashcard</a> pack.<br />
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On Thanksgiving, frugal people might buy energy-saving lightbulbs in order to save money<br />
在感恩节,节俭的人可能买节能的灯泡来节省金钱<br />
在感恩節,節儉的人可能買節能的燈泡來節省金錢<br />
zài Gǎn'ēnjié, jiéjiǎn de rén kěnéng mǎi jiénéng de dēngpào lái jiéshěng jīnqián<br />
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(And if you remember, it really does help to create 'special' sentences for you flashcard pack, as I've written about here: <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2011/08/clever-butcher-uses-cleaver.html" target="_blank">The clever butcher uses a cleaver</a>)<br />
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What about you? Do you have a character in mind that has many meanings? If so, please leave a comment below (anonymous notes are welcome too!).<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-35350779605767613152013-10-14T16:29:00.000+08:002013-10-14T16:29:30.774+08:00Don't kiss while learning Chinese!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/superiphi/2521342015/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimaP_-a_Yu1LGw18xUy9QevUD4PneA5zdJtNISAHBHeqv_BCAsr1gLf0az5U2o5sjU98tdv9Zl2bFuuVS7tWGE1E4Ec4Usm1-eWAK3z6J-6DX7vPN7zVdb1bog5CmOb2ZfS8wB8roFjA0/s200/Popcorn.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
I read an article in The Guardian yesterday, entitled '<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/oct/13/eating-popcorn-cinema-advertisers" target="_blank">Eating popcorn in the cinema makes people immune to advertising</a>'.<br />
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Simply reading the heading, even before I reached the article, made me think that eating popcorn is probably just distracting for the viewer, and so the advertising would be less effective. But when I actually read the article, there was one paragraph that caught my eye ...<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>The reason why adverts manage to imprint brand names on our brains is that our lips and the tongue automatically simulate the pronunciation of a new name when we first hear it. Every time we re-encounter the name, our mouth subconsciously practices its pronunciation. However, according to the study published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, this "inner speech" can be disturbed by chewing, rendering the repetition effect redundant.</i></div>
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That immediately got me thinking about how we learn Chinese, and how a fair amount of learning (vocab, tones, 'flow' ...) is tied into this subconscious pronunciation that takes place while we're learning. Of course this affects all languages, but I wonder if it's even more marked for Chinese, given the tones that have to be mentally practised while learning too.<br />
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So, to avoid interfering with your "inner speech", don't occupy your mouth while you're learning Chinese.<br />
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No popcorn. No chewing gum. And certainly no kissing.<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-71894068312475876732013-09-11T21:56:00.000+08:002013-09-11T21:56:05.453+08:00That music smells good<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;">
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Filizanki.spodki.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Cmlu4uW3iG2zwDDLhI1y4CWpxuY8RApTMJ8yOwNFU-wHTTPkJZPaqQvzOTvgZ1RoFkp7n3RXdC73MJNkR1bVKwXWYn46A4Jp8dqX2tRg90Xn4ijQ6BK3Mm026Xy1jiX3evZZ9_vJARA/s200/TwoForTea_wiki.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
I recently went on a business trip to Kuala Lumpur, and was eating lunch with a colleague. When our Jasmine tea arrived, we were each given two small cups, both were then filled with tea. I had never seen this before, and my colleague explained that one of them is called the 闻香杯 (wénxiāngbēi) - the smelling cup. The basic idea is that one cup is for smelling, and one is for drinking. Or something like that.<br />
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I was (linguistically) confused, however, since the Chinese characters she wrote for 'smelling' cup seemed to translate into "hearing-fragrance-cup"! She then explained that 闻 could also mean 'to smell'.<br />
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What? I immediately launched <a href="http://plecosoft.com/" target="_blank">Pleco</a> Dictionary on my iPhone and ... she was right. <br />
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(Pleco gave me the best one yet: 闻见 ('hear' & 'see') can mean 'to smell'. Good grief. If you refer back to my article about <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/02/mandarin-is-just-series-of-maths.html" target="_blank">Chinese being a series of mathematical formulae</a>, then this is a great example of 1+2=634.)<br />
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Mandarin continues to surprise me. But I'm past the point of these confusing incidents frustrating me, now it's just interesting. At least, it's interesting enough to write a blogpost about it.<br />
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And now I'm off to smell some music.<br />
(Or perhaps just look at it. #thicke)<br />
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Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674533288609171573.post-5741995815443758382013-07-18T14:11:00.000+08:002013-07-18T14:11:00.165+08:00Mandarin does not use these Cantonese characters<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuhW8YU0XwwjPjZnWMltLvZsjGCVM4fBI7xEvm0zWQ04XXXsEH1xSxRPCVu0ZL_2PfU2DLLbMdDt3BKMhGK4IXoPgE4FBTF6bxfguuw0p0L4r8Y4KHt-a6ePMpOcutE0pHUkwkVw73xMg/s1600/CantoWu.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuhW8YU0XwwjPjZnWMltLvZsjGCVM4fBI7xEvm0zWQ04XXXsEH1xSxRPCVu0ZL_2PfU2DLLbMdDt3BKMhGK4IXoPgE4FBTF6bxfguuw0p0L4r8Y4KHt-a6ePMpOcutE0pHUkwkVw73xMg/s1600/CantoWu.png" height="200" width="184" /></a></div>
In the <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/06/luke-she-is-your-father.html" target="_blank">previous article</a> I wrote - about Chinese people confusing 'he' and 'she' when speaking English - we discussed a very common word that is used in Cantonese, but not in Mandarin. That got me thinking about other characters which similarly appear in Cantonese, but not in Mandarin.<br />
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Of course there are many expressions that are used in one and not the other (for example, while Mandarin says 不好看, Cantonese instead says 唔好睇) - after all, they are two different languages. But in this article I'm going to avoid <i>expressions</i>, and rather focus on <i>individual characters</i> that have this feature.<br />
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As a cheat - since I don't speak Cantonese :) - my starting point was to search in the <a href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php" target="_blank">MDBG</a> online dictionary for the word 'Cantonese', which gave me <a href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddictbasic&wdrst=0&wdeac=1&wdqb=cantonese" target="_blank">99 results</a>, from which I started to whittle the list down to ones worthy of being included in this article ...<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">唔</span>: This is the first obvious one which means 'no' or 'not'. In theory it's pronounced wú in Mandarin, but it's only* used in Cantonese where it's pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/468/" target="_blank">m4</a>. This is extremely common in Cantonese, generally used where Mandarin would use 不 - so for example 'bad' in Mandarin is 不好 whereas in Cantonese it would be 唔好.</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">冇</span>: In Mandarin it is pronounced mǎo, but in Cantonese it's <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/256/" target="_blank">mou5</a>. The closest Mandarin word to this character might be 没有 (méiyǒu - which even sounds very similar to mou5). This is another very common character in Cantonese. To be clear, I have never seen this used in Mandarin.</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">佢</span>: This is he/she/it in Cantonese: <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/589/" target="_blank">keoi5</a>. No need to discuss this one - since I wrote an <a href="http://mandarinsegments.blogspot.com/2013/06/luke-she-is-your-father.html" target="_blank">entire article</a> on it before :-)</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">嘅</span>: This is the Cantonese equivalent of the Mandarin possessive article 的. In Cantonese 嘅 is pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/681/" target="_blank">ge3</a>.</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">呢</span>: This character as used mostly in 呢個 to mean 'this' - basically it's the same as 這個 in Mandarin (or 这个 in the simplified system)) and is pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/1029/" target="_blank">ni1</a>.</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">嗰</span>: Similarly, this character is used for 'that' in Cantonese - usually in the word 嗰個, which is pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/849/" target="_blank">go2go3</a>. Mandarin would use 那個 (Simplified: 那个) instead. </li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">喺</span>: This is the Cantonese equivalent of 在 (to be at) - and it is pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/847/" target="_blank">hai2</a>.</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">咩</span>: This is pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/563/" target="_blank">me1</a>, and it indicates surprise by turning the sentence into a question. For example, 係咩 (hai6me1) means "Really?"</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">佬</span>: If you're a foreigner living in HK, you will hear this character every day - part of the word 'gweilo' - this character is actually pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/685/" target="_blank">lou2</a>. Therefore 'gweilo' actually means 'male ghost' (and not '<i>old</i> ghost' - which is a common mistake that confuses 佬 with 老).</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">乜嘢</span>: This is pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/495/" target="_blank">mat1</a> <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/676/" target="_blank">je5</a> in Cantonese, meaning 'what' or 'why'. Since both characters are unique to Cantonese, and since they are commonly used together in this compound word, I just gave them a single entry. It has the same meaning as Mandarin's 什么 or perhaps 东西.</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">咗</span>: This is pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/846/" target="_blank">zo2</a>, and puts the sentence into past-tense, in the same way that Mandarin might use 了 or 过 (過).</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">咁</span>: The character is pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/369/" target="_blank">gam3</a>, and can mean 'so' (like Mandarin's 这样) or 'very' (like 很).</li>
<li><span class="chinesemed"><span style="font-size: large;">噉</span>: This is the other 'gam' word of interest, although the tone here is different: <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/1612/" target="_blank">gam2</a>. It means 'in that case' or 'and then'. When I'm listening to my colleagues speaking on the phone, I hear this word a lot! (In written Cantonese, this is sometimes just written as 咁, apparently.)</span></li>
<li><span class="chinesemed"><span style="font-size: large;">啱</span>: The character is the Cantonese equivalent of Mandarin's 对 (Traditional:對), meaning 'correct'. It is pronounced <a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/characters/1572/" target="_blank">ngaam1</a>. (</span>And because you, Dear Reader, are so clever - you probably already worked out by yourself that we can piece together two of these characters to get the Cantonese word for incorrect: 唔啱.)</li>
<li><span class="word script">There<span style="font-size: large;"> </span>are a few more that are worth listing here because they are quite common, but I will just group them together: They include <span style="font-size: large;">搵</span> (find, like </span>找), <span style="font-size: large;">瞓</span> (sleep, like 睡), <span style="font-size: large;">噏</span> (gossip), <span style="font-size: large;">攰</span> (tired, like 累), <span style="font-size: large;">嘥</span> (to waste), <span style="font-size: large;">屌</span> (to fuck), and finally <span style="font-size: large;">餸</span> (a side dish). </li>
</ul>
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In the past (before moving to HK), I had been reading Chinese comics which I picked up on my travels, wondering why I was struggling to understand the text so much - and I kept seeing strange characters (like 冇). That is how I originally realised that there are indeed characters which are used in Cantonese and not Mandarin, which explains why at the time I couldn't easily work out what the text was saying.<br />
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So now we all know. <span style="font-size: large;">冇問題</span>.<br />
<br />Greghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11197148648944758867noreply@blogger.com1